[Draft: Aug 21]
(This is a different
question than 'Was Jesus a Failed Messiah?')
Hi
Glen Miller,
I recently discovered your excellent site when I was looking
up arguments to go against an atheist with, and I was and am
impressed with the high level of research and time that you
put into each of the hard questions you tackle. So when I
came across a blog post on a forum that really bothered me,
I felt that you may do the best job of refuting it.
My apologetics question is basically, "Was Jesus a Failed
Eschatological Prophet?" This is not just asking about a few
verses, but about the purpose of Jesus' ministry and its
"apparent" unfulfillment. Numerous references by Jesus (and
other New Testament writers) to a nearing of the end times
have always bothered me in the back of my mind, but this
blog post (which I will copy in its entirety here) really
shakes my faith. It basically tries to show that
the thrust of Jesus' message was that His end-times
kingdom was coming very soon, and all his followers like
Paul and John believed this. Then when this
didn't come true, the church distanced itself from the
end times, such as in the last Gospel, John, where its
message focuses more on eternal life than the apocalypse.
I had originally came across this post in a forum because I
was bothered with Jesus' statement in Matthew 26:64 that the
high priest would see Jesus coming in the clouds of heaven.
Yet this post I found was much broader in its attacks on
Jesus and the New Testament message.
By the way, I did search your topics list to see if you
addressed this issue, and your article to a Finland reader (https://Christianthinktank.com/qaim.html)
was very helpful. I do not ask that you repeat your responses
from that article, but only I wish that you would answer some
of the other arguments mentioned in the blog post that has
been bothering me, which is below (I apologize for the length
of this post -- but I'm truly troubled by it):
PART
THREE==================== (see Part
One for series header)
What passages in the Synoptics
might offer data relative to these concepts of 'apocalyptic
urgency' and/or 'interim ethic'?
'apocalyptic
urgency' (i.e. urgency to action --other than
simple acceptance of the message of Jesus/John-- that is tied
specifically to the nearness
of the Eschaton and not just to the 'standard' cycles of
covenant judgment described in Deuteronomy 28); and/or
'interim
ethics' (i.e. ethical commands that are
comparatively different from pre-Jesus OT/Tanak ethics, with
the difference being due to the fact that the world was about
to end).
Notice
that
the urgent-action
has to be more than simple 'change of behavior
in conformity to pre-Jesus
ethics' (this was the demand of the Hebrew prophets). It has
to be action that must be 'hurried' because they might not
have enough time to otherwise finish it before the Eschaton.
And,
notice
that this ethic
must be likewise distinguishable from pre-Jesus
ethics, and linked to prediction of some kind of RADICAL
restructuring of human institutions (e.g. Christ physically
reigning in Jerusalem with all other nations of the earth
under His explicit authority.).
Using
my
spreadsheet again, here are the passages/pericopes that I
flagged as possibly
having some data relevant to Urgency/InterimEthics. (not all
of the data is 'supportive' of the thesis, but just 'possibly
relevant'): urgs.html .
Two. Healing
of a leper (Mt 8.1ff; Mar 1.40ff; Lk 5.12ff).
This is another 'secrecy' passage, in which Jesus tells the
healed man to tell no one. He is instructed to obey the Law of
Moses in offering a gift of being cleansed. This is
opposite-to-urgency and certainly not an interim-ethic in the
blogger sense.
Three. Coming
of Persecution (Mat 24.9ff; Mr 13.9ff; Lk
21.12ff). This should be a prime place to look, since it is in
the middle of eschatological sayings. But the only text in the
category of urgency/ethic I can find are (1) the reference to
the 'endurance of suffering to the end'; and maybe (2) the do
not 'prepare speeches' wording...? The latter is not an
interim-ethic, since the directive is tied to how (the
triune!) God will provide the words and not to any timing
element [Spirit of the Father in MT, the Holy Spirit in MR,
and Jesus in Lk!).
For
commentators
who see this period of persecution/tribulation as the period
known as 'the Great Tribulation' (a period of several years
immediately before the Return of Christ, and immediately after
the rapture/removal of the Church from the world), this is
clearly an interim (but not the same 'interim' we are in now),
but the command is still just in continuity with the call to
loyalty given the Hebrew Bible. Nothing really new here.
"During the
Tribulation
only believers who “endure to the end” will be delivered,
not from hell, but from physical death (cf. use
of saved in v 22). Endurance under trial is never a means to
salvation from the penalty of sin for that would entail human
merit (Eph 2:8–9). The passage does not assert that a believer
must endure to the end of his life to remain saved or to prove
he is regenerate. Salvation cannot be lost (John 6:37, 39;
10:28–29; Eph 4:30), and assurance rests on the promises of
God and Jesus Christ, not on performance under severe trial (1
John 5:13) ... Endurance will culminate in a glorious,
physical deliverance and rewarding of a faithful Jewish
remnant. Not everyone will be slain (Matt 24:9, 22); Jesus
will come to their rescue (v 31). The words are spoken to
encourage those who will go through that terrible time not to
lose heart." [Haller, H. M., Jr. (2010). The Gospel according
to Matthew. In R. N. Wilkin (Ed.), The Grace New Testament
Commentary (R. N. Wilkin, Ed.) (110). Denton, TX: Grace
Evangelical Society.]
For
commentators
who see this period of persecution/tribulation as the pre-70ad
period (e.g. France), the reference is still just 'generic':
"In response to
both the outward threats of vv. 4–8 and the destabilizing
tendencies within the disciple community (vv. 9–12) the only
remedy is deliberate, sustained faithfulness to the values and
demands of God’s kingdom. This verse repeats the exhortation
of 10:22b;
see comments there. We noted there that “the phrase eis telos,
‘to the end,’ can hardly have … a specific reference, but
simply means persevering for as long as may be necessary”
and that “the thought loosely echoes Dan 12:12–13, a
beatitude on those who remain faithful and will receive
their reward ‘at the end of the days’.” Here,
however, it comes between two references to “the end” in vv. 6
and 14 which clearly have a more specific reference. If, as
the context here suggests, that “end” is the destruction of
the temple which is the subject of the disciples’ question
(see on v. 6), it would be possible to read eis
telos here in the same sense: whoever
stands
firm throughout the historical process which will
culminate in the destruction of the temple will be saved.
But it is not easy to see what sort of “salvation” fits
that scenario, and it is more likely that the
adverbial phrase eis
telos (not eis
to telos) functions independently of the
articular noun to telos,
and has the same sense here that it had in 10:22b; in
that case the call is for faithfulness “for as long as
it takes,” and the promise is of the
ultimate spiritual security (see on 10:22) of those who have
stood firm in their discipleship. It is that promise, rather
than physical safety at the time of the fall of Jerusalem,
which best matches the dangers to faith spelled out in vv.
9–12." [France, R. T. (2007). The Gospel of Matthew. The New
International Commentary on the New Testament (907). Grand
Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publication Co.]
Some
commentators
see this period of persecution as a future part of the present
age (which is characterized by the Gentile mission)--and, in
the context of verse 14, must
require a delay in the Parousia:
(13) The logion
of this verse is found verbatim in 10:22b. Again in a context
of tribulation and persecution the promise of ultimate
salvation is given to the one who endures εἰς τέλος, “to the
end.” Indirectly, the point is underlined that severe
tribulation will be experienced before the coming of the end
of the age. (14) Another characteristic of the time that
precedes the end is the universal proclamation of τοῦτο τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας, “this gospel of the kingdom” (cf.
4:23; 9:35). This
era is obviously to be sharply distinguished from the time
of Jesus himself, when the mission of the twelve was
explicitly restricted to Israel (10:5–6). This new time
frame is inaugurated in the risen Jesus’ commissioning of
his disciples in 28:19 (cf. Luke 24:47; and the
apocalyptic universalism of Rev 14:6). The verb κηρύσσειν,
“proclaim,” occurs regularly, as it does here, with
εὐαγγέλιον, “gospel” (cf. 4:23; 9:35; 10:7; 26:13). Quite
possibly Matthew’s unique expression “this gospel of the
kingdom” (so too in 26:13) is a deliberate paralleling of
Jesus’ teaching as recorded in his Gospel to Deuteronomy’s
reference to this book of the law, the Second Testament thus
corresponding to the First Testament (thus Grassi). The
universality of the proclamation is stressed by the words ἐν
ὅλῃ τῇ οἰκουμένῃ, “in the whole world” (the last word occurs
in Matthew only here). The proclamation involves the providing
of a μαρτύριον, “witness” (cf. 8:4; 10:18), i.e., the
recounting of the events that constitute the gospel or
“kerygma.” For πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, “all the Gentiles,” cf. v.
9 and 28:19. The concluding statement καὶ τότε ἥξει τὸ τέλος,
“and
then the end will come,” stands as the counterpart to the
cautionary statement that “not yet is the end”
in v. 6 (cf. v. 13; 10:22). The
end of the present age, concerning which the disciples
inquire in the question of v. 3, cannot come immediately
but must be preceded by a period of universal
evangelization (see Thompson). The parousia
must therefore be delayed." [Hagner, D. A. (1998). Vol. 33B:
Matthew 14–28. Word Biblical Commentary (695–696). Dallas:
Word, Incorporated.]
" (at 10.22) The
point of the statement is clear: the one who faithfully
endures this persecution εἰς τέλος, “to the end” (i.e., the
end of the person’s life or the end of the persecution
and hence the end of the age), will be saved (see 4 Ezra 6:25;
9:7–8; 2 Tim 2:12) and will enter finally into the blessed
peace promised to the participants in the kingdom." [Hagner,
D. A. (1998). Vol. 33A: Matthew 1–13. Word Biblical Commentary
(278). Dallas: Word, Incorporated.]
But
in
any event, 'endurance' (i.e. loyalty under duress) is not an
interim ethic at all. It is an ethic for all time--with the
Lord, with our spouses, with our children, with our situation.
Nothing
in
this passage thus qualifies as data for the hypothesis.
Four. The
passage on the Rich Young Man/Ruler (Mat
19.16-30; Mr 10.17-31; Lk 18.18-30). I put this in the
Urgency/Interim class because of the 'sell all/give all'
phrase in the passage, but I have dealt with this already in
this series. It was not a general requirement from Jesus to do
so at all, as I noted. But
what is really telling about this passage is that in all
three accounts, the young man asks about 'eternal life',
and in all three accounts Jesus draws a conclusion (for
the disciples) in terms of 'entering the kingdom (of God
or of heaven). In other words, the overlap
between 'eternal life' and 'entering the KoH/KoG' is
substantial. There is no 'watering
down' from 'kingdom' to 'eternal life' (contra
the blogger's hypothesis) at all--they are present in all
three of the synoptic accounts.
"The rich young
ruler thought of Jesus as a mere man, a “good
Teacher.” He asks, “What
good thing shall I do that I may have eternal life?”
The question shows that he thought he could do something good
enough to merit eternal life.
"Some believe
Jesus is providing a standard of works and discipleship as the
way to receive eternal life or proving one had it. After all,
this is what the rich young ruler asked about, and so Jesus
was giving him the answer. But if this were true, no one could
be saved, for what Jesus is demanding of the man is humanly
impossible to attain.
"The proper
interpretation of this passage depends on recognizing that
Jesus did not actually answer the man’s question—at least not
in a way that was possible for the man to obey. Jesus does not
tell the man to believe on Him as He told others in John 3:16;
4:13–14; 5:24; 6:35, 47; 11:25–27. The reason is that what
Jesus is doing here is pre-evangelism. He is showing the man
that he cannot save himself by his own piety.
"Jesus first
challenges the man to rethink his understanding of who Jesus
is. Jesus asks, “Why
do you call me good? No one is good but One, that is, God.”
In other words, Jesus is God. Christ is implicitly affirming
His own sinlessness and His deity.
"Second, Jesus
met the young man on the grounds of his own false assumption
and challenges that assumption. Since what is good is defined
by the Law, Christ directs the young man to the OT
commandments that have been given by the absolutely good God.
“But
if you want to enter into life, keep the commandments.”
Jesus then gives specific instructions from the second table
of the Law specifying man’s duty to his fellow man (Matt
19:18–19a). He sums up that portion of the Law with the second
greatest commandment, “You
shall love your neighbor as yourself” (v 19b;
cf. 22:39–40).
"The
self-confident young man had not even begun to comprehend his
need of a Savior. He claims, “All
these things have I kept from my youth. What do I still
lack?” Jesus then seeks to reveal his lack to
him. He tests him on the tenth and final commandment, “You
shall not covet” (cf. v 21 with Exod 20:17).
"Jesus then
invites the young man to part with his wealth. If he would “go,
sell … give” and “come,
follow” Jesus, then he would obtain “treasure
in heaven” (an
eternal reward). Refusing this, he
left sorrowful, for his great possessions were too much to
give up.
"19:23–26.
When the rich young ruler had left, Jesus tells His disciples
it is impossible for such a man to be saved. In a classic
understatement He says it is difficult for a wealthy person “to
enter the kingdom of heaven.” Jesus’ next
statement is designed to show how difficult it is: “It
is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle
than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.”
Jesus is speaking literally of a hole in a sewing needle.
There was no such thing in the city walls of that time as a
small gate called “the eye of a needle” that camels could go
through if they went on their knees. That is something
possible, but Jesus is speaking of the impossible. The
disciples are exceedingly amazed. To think of the largest of
animals in Palestine going through the smallest of openings (a
needle’s “eye”) was absurd indeed! They asked, “Who
then can be saved?” If the rich man, seemingly
blessed by God, could not make it, what hope would lesser
people have, including themselves?
"The lesson to
the rich young ruler is that if no one is as good as God, no
one can be truly good. If no one can be truly good, no one can
be good enough to live with a holy God for eternity. It does
not matter how much one might try to keep the Law or how much
one might try to give up or give away or go on to imitate
Christ’s sinless life in continuous discipleship.
"The lesson to
the disciples was that salvation on the basis of merit, even
though apparently attested by affluence, is impossible. If one
is trusting in his or her riches as proof of one’s
righteousness, that person will fail to enter the kingdom. God
will save by grace or not at all. Salvation is possible only
through Him." [Haller, H. M., Jr. (2010). The Gospel according
to Matthew. In R. N. Wilkin (Ed.), The Grace New Testament
Commentary (R. N. Wilkin, Ed.) (87–89). Denton, TX: Grace
Evangelical Society.]
I
should also mention that Jesus' command to this rich
person--in historical context--might be more about the
redistribution of (unearned?) wealth, under the Year of
Jubilee and social justice motifs of the OT. In this
perspective, the order to redistribute wealth would not be
something required of all but the richest or most 'elite' of
believers (even though even this is not seemingly required of
believers who have the means to host churches in their home or
have the means to 'shame the poor' at the communion services
in Corinth (1 Cor 11.21ff).
This
position
is argued by J. Daniel Hays, in "Sell Everything You Have and
Give to the Poor: The Old Testament Prophetic Theme of Justice
as the Connecting Motif of Luke 18:1-19:10", in JETS
55/1 (2012) 43-63:
"POVERTY AND
SOCIAL JUSTICE IN FIRST-CENTURY PALESTINE. Often the tendency
for Western interpreters is to assume their contemporary
affluent socio-economic situation as the default background
context for understanding biblical exhortations regarding
poverty. That is, in most Western societies there is a large
majority group of middle class people with which the readers
usually identify. Then at the top there is a small class of
very wealthy people (e.g. millionaires and billionaires) and
at the bottom there is an equally small class of poor people
(e.g. the homeless). The social situation in Palestine of the
first century, however, was quite different. "Peter Davids
explains that at the time of Jesus there was not much of a
middle class in Palestine at all. Indeed, there were two major
socio-economic groups: a very small wealthy or upper-class
urban elite and then a huge mass of very poor
subsistence-level peasants. In first-century AD Palestine, the
term "poor" probably referred to the vast majority of the
population. That
is, in all probability, most of the people that Jesus
interacts with or speaks to, especially when outside of
Jerusalem, were part of the large socio-economic group
living at subsistence level, referred to in the Gospels as
"the poor."
"James A. Sanders
makes the same point in discussing Jesus' citation of Isaiah
61 in Luke 4. He notes that the listening audience in that
synagogue would have identified themselves with the poor (for
they were the poor). Sean
Freyne also draws attention to the severe social
stratification in Galilee, noting that the
Jewish aristocracy, particularly the priestly aristocracy,
was precisely the ones who were oppressing the poor
peasants.
"Bruce W.
Longenecker comes to similar conclusions about the
socio-economic situation in the first-century world. He argues
that this reality is reflected throughout the Gospels and is
especially clear in the Gospel of Luke. Longenecker notes, for
example, that when John the Baptist asks Jesus if he was the
coming one, Jesus
answered with a list of actions associated with the
eschatological liberation that the Coming One prophesied
in Isaiah would bring: the lame walk, lepers are cleansed,
the deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the poor
have good news preached to them
(Luke 7:18—23). Longenecker then points out the irony
of the list, observing, "Jesus' reply depicts a world in which
healing blindness, curing disease, restoring hearing and raising the dead were as
exceptional as encouraging the poor.
The astonishment that would have attended Jesus' miracles of
power is, we are led to think, comparable
to
the astonishment that would have attended Jesus'
pronouncement of blessing to the poor." That
is, the plight of the poor (the majority of the population)
was so
grim and hopelessly entrenched within the culture that
any good news for them was viewed to be on a miraculous
par with the resurrection of the dead....
[pp 48-50]
"The prophetic
context of justice, as elucidated by the widow and unjust
judge parable, provides a strong background
for understanding Jesus' words to the ruler.
Recall Jesus' concluding statement in the Parable of the Widow
and the Unjust Judge. As
the Kingdom breaks in, God will see that his
chosen ones (those with faith, humility, and prayer) get
justice quickly. When
this ruler in Luke 18:21 piously claims to have kept the
law, Jesus sounds very much like Isaiah and cuts through
the hypocrisy of cultic ritual and asks about justice,
specifically in regard to the poor. As the
Kingdom breaks in, Jesus,
the Davidic King who will bring about justice,
confronts one of Israel's rulers and tells him that if he
wants to be part of the Kingdom then he must also be part of
the inauguration of justice . .. starting with restitution to
the poor. Furthermore, keep in mind that the entire audience
for this exchange (i.e. the rest of the community) was
probably part of the "poor" section of the society. That is,
when Jesus says that the ruler should sell all he has and give
it to the poor, it is "the poor" that are standing around them
and listening. ... Jesus' demands on the ruler are
far-reaching, with implications for his entire audience. But
notice that this demand addresses the system of inequality
where a few wealthy rulers/religious leaders are at the
top while the entire rest of the community
suffers and struggles in poverty at the bottom. The
inauguration of justice, Jesus is announcing, involves
changing the system in this community, alleviating the poverty
that is all around the wealthy ruler. [pp56-57]
"CONCLUSION. It
appears that the parables and stories in Luke 18:1-19:10 have
numerous connections and interrelated themes. The two
hypothetical parables at the beginning are closely connected
and the stories that follow provide illustration and depth
from encounters with real live people. From an OT perspective,
the connections and allusions to the OT Prophets are evident
everywhere throughout this unit. Justice, righteousness,
widows, the poor, humility, rulers who don't obey, hostile
Jerusalem, healing the blind, the coming Kingdom—these
themes of Luke 18:1-19:10 are also the repeated themes
found throughout the pages of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel,
and the Twelve.
"By stressing
Jesus' citation of Isaiah 61 and 58 at the beginning of Jesus'
public ministry (Luke 4), Luke
sets the pattern for understanding Jesus against the
backdrop of the Prophets. In 18:1—19:10, the
opening Parable of the Widow and the Unjust Judge highlights
the prophetic theme of justice, and the following Parable of
the Pharisee and Tax Collector stresses the accompanying
parallel theme of righteousness. As Jesus, the fulfillment of
the OT prophetic promise, moves towards Jerusalem, he inaugurates justice as part of the "already"
aspect of the Kingdom. As he calls people into the
Kingdom, he insists that they come in humble faith, but
also that they join him in working to establish justice
(which is a critical prophetic part of the
Kingdom)—especially in regard to the traditional OT
vision of helping widows, the poor, and outcasts. As
in the time of the Prophets, the current rulers refuse the
call to justice, and thus do not enter into the Kingdom (and
thus will face judgment). In contrast, two outcasts—a blind
beggar and a tax collector—respond to Jesus and the call to
believe in him. Thus as they are saved and are brought close
to him, they join him in establishing the justice that the
Prophets proclaimed as part of the coming Kingdom." [pp61-62]
If
this
perspective is true, then the 'go...sell...
give' ethic is not even close to being an
'interim' ethic, but is rather a solid, OT/Tanakh ethic,
incumbent on Israel's rulers and persistent in the prophetic
corpus. It is a kingdom ethic--but of the more-mundane,
theocratic kingdom of 'ideal Israel' in the OT. Again, this
would NOT support the blogger's thesis, but would militate
against it somewhat.
Five. The
Sending of the Twelve (Mt 9/10 parts; MR
6.6b-13; Lk 9.1-6). I have discussed this passage in more
detail elsewhere on the Tank (nostaff.html),
but the reason I included it in the urgency/interim class was
because of the 'no bag' remark: "He
ordered them to take nothing for their journey except a
staff; no bread, no bag, no money in their belts; 9 but to
wear sandals and not to put on two tunics. ".
I
can see how some might assume that this low-prep directive
might be indicative of 'urgency' (maybe), but that is not how
this is traditionally understood--especially in light of
Matthew's remark (omitted by Luke): "for
the laborer deserves his food". The connection
is not about urgency or immediacy, but about ministerial
support (as Jesus experienced Himself).
But
other
motives (such as reciprocity, trust-learning) are possibly
involved--none of which suggest urgency/interim ethic:
"The apostles’
message, like their Lord’s, would be authenticated by miracles
(Matt. 10:8; cf. 9:35). They were not to make elaborate
provisions for their travel, thus
avoiding the impression they were engaged in a business
enterprise... As the apostles ministered, they
in turn were to be ministered to by their recipients." [Walvoord, J. F.,
Zuck, R. B., & Dallas Theological Seminary. (1985). The
Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures
(Mt 10:5–15). Wheaton, IL: Victor Books.]
"The Twelve are
told not to take money or extra clothes with them on the
mission. Rather, their needs are to be met by the anticipated
hospitality and support of those who receive their message
(cf. 10:11–13; 40–42). The message of the Kingdom is not for
sale (cf. Acts 8:20), but
those who receive it should also receive its messengers."
[Turner, D., & Bock, D. L. (2005). Cornerstone biblical
commentary, Vol 11: Matthew and Mark (149). Carol Stream, IL:
Tyndale House Publishers.]
"The Twelve are
not to take extra money or clothes with them on the mission. Their
needs will be met by the anticipated support of those who
receive their message (cf. 10:11–13a, 40–42).
... The proverbial saying about the worthiness
of the worker probably
distills
biblical principles regarding day laborers and priests
(Lev. 19:13; Num. 18:31; Deut. 24:15; 25:4; cf. Luke 10:7; 1
Cor. 9:9, 14; 1 Tim. 5:18). Hospitality to God’s messengers
was viewed as a sacred duty (cf. Did. 11–13)." [Turner, D. L.
(2008). Matthew. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New
Testament (271). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.]
"They are to
travel light, like some other groups: (1) peasants,
who often had only one cloak; (2) some traveling philosophers,
called Cynics (probably represented as nearby as Tyre and the
Decapolis, Gentile cities surrounding Galilee); (3) some
prophets, like Elijah and John the Baptist.
They are to be totally
committed to their mission, not tied down with worldly
concerns. The “bag” could have been used for
begging (so the Cynics used it)... It is said that Essenes
received such hospitality from fellow Essenes in various
cities that they did not need to take provisions when they
traveled." [Keener, C. S. (1993). The IVP Bible background
commentary: New Testament (Mt 10:9–10). Downers Grove, IL:
InterVarsity Press.]
"The essence of
this instruction is to travel
light by not making special provision for their material
needs while on the mission; here
is an opportunity to exercise the practical trust in
God’s provision which they have been taught in 6:25–33.
If the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head (8:20), his
representatives can expect no material security except in God.
All the items listed are in Matthew objects of the verb “Do
not get (ktaomai),” which does not naturally refer to what
they are to carry but
rather to fund-raising and acquiring special equipment for
the journey. If they are not to go barefoot,
basic clothing and equipment is assumed; it is additional
provision which is forbidden. Money will not be needed, as
they are to expect to receive appropriate hospitality en
route. The “pack” (pēra) is a sort of traveling-bag,
probably simply for carrying their food for the journey,
though the pēra was also associated with Cynic itinerant
teachers who used it when begging for food; the
disciples will not need to carry, still less beg for,
food. The prohibition of spare clothes and
sandals probably suggests a mission
of limited duration, though no doubt these too
could have been supplied by well-wishers en
route if necessary." [France, R. T. (2007). The
Gospel of Matthew. The New International Commentary on the New
Testament (384–385). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans
Publication Co.]
So,
nothing
here either.
Six.
The Conditions of Discipleship (Mt 16.24-28; MR
8.34-9.1; Lk 9.23-27). I placed this discourse of Jesus into
this class because of the 'whoever
wants to save his life will lose it, and vice
versa' elements in each. The sayings are almost identical in
the 3 accounts, with the major difference being that Mark has
"for My sake and the gospel's sake" and MT/LK only have 'My
sake'.
This
too
doesn't look like an ethic specifically for the pre-eschaton
period, because it looks like simply another way of expressing
the self-denial motif. Even if it has tinges of martyrdom in
it (although Luke used the term 'daily' for taking up the
cross--suggesting that it was not about martyrdom), that is
still no different from OT/Tanakh ethics--as the Hall of Fame
in chapter 11 of the Book of Hebrews illustrates.
Life/soul
and
gain/lose can be variously understood (soteriology-wise,
ultimate salvation or eternal rewards), of course, but even
then the meaning is still close to proverbial.
So,
"The presence of
“For” (γάρ, gar) indicates that 8:35 provides a rationale for
accepting the invitation for discipleship found in 8:34. The
verse involves several puns in that the crucial terms (“save,”
“lose,” “life”) possess double meanings (contra Best 1981:
41). “Save” (σῴζω, sōzō) is used first in the negative sense
of not denying oneself and then in the positive sense of
achieving eternal salvation in the final day (cf. 8:38).
“Lose” (ἀπολέσει, apolesei) is first used negatively in the
sense of not acquiring eternal salvation and then in the
positive sense of denying oneself and acquiring eternal
salvation. “Life” (ψυχή, psychē) is first used to describe
human, physical existence that does not deny personal goals
and desires, that is, does not repent (1:15), and then it is
used to describe one’s personal being, that is, the real self
that continues to exist after death.
“Losing one’s life” must be understood in the sense of
denying oneself, taking up one’s cross, and following
Jesus, as referred to in 8:34. It is described
as taking place “for me [Jesus Christ, the Son of God] and the
gospel.”
"8:36–37
Although some see 8:35–38 as consisting of a series of four
consecutive reasons for obeying Jesus’s call to discipleship
(Gundry 1993: 434, 439–40; Evans 2001: 24), it is best to see
the “for” of 8:36 as explaining 8:35 and not as a separate
reason supporting 8:34 (V. Taylor 1952: 382). The
reason why one should be willing to “lose” one’s life is
because of the surpassing worth of gaining eternal life.
This is more valuable than possessing the whole world
(cf. Matt. 4:8–9/Luke 4:5–6). To acquire all the world and yet
lose one’s life, that is, not acquire eternal salvation, is a
terrible loss. This is why one should be willing to lose one’s
life “for [Jesus] and the gospel” (Mark 8:35). The
common nature of this proverb can be seen in Ps. 49:7–8;
2 Bar. 51.15. Just as Mark 8:36
explains 8:35, so 8:37 explains 8:36. When you have lost your
life (8:36), nothing can ever buy it back (8:37). Both
questions in these two verses are left unanswered because they
are so obvious. Both assume an answer like “Nothing at all!”
[Stein, R. H. (2008). Mark. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the
New Testament (408–409). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. ]
Or,
"The believer who
desires “to save his life” (psychē) is one who refuses to
follow Christ by denying oneself and taking up one’s cross. He
does not wish to give his life for the cause of Christ and
therefore, he “will lose it.” The
term lose (apollymi) signifies that a believer loses the
fullness of his future life in the Kingdom when he lives
in opposition to God’s declared will. Scripture teaches
that a believer may experience loss and/or reward at the
Judgment Seat of Christ (1 Cor 3:14–15; 2 Cor
5:9–10; 2 John 8). Rewards will enhance life in eternity (cf.
1 Tim 6:7–19). Thus,
a believer who actually thinks he is saving his life by
avoiding discipleship is actually destroying his
opportunity for future rewards. ... When
Christ says, “But whoever loses (apollymi) his life (psychē)
for My sake and the gospel’s will save it,” He is describing
the believer who follows after Him. Those who deny themselves
and take up their cross to follow Christ may think they are
losing their lives, but they are actually gaining them for
eternity. When
they get to the kingdom, their lives will be spiritually
enhanced (cf. 2 Tim 4:8). Jesus wants His
followers to know that as they enter into His sufferings, they
can be confident of future reward (cf. 1 Pet 4:13).
8:36–37.
Jesus uses an illustration within a question to reason why He
should be followed. “What will it profit a man if he gains
(lit., ‘to acquire by effort or investment’) the whole world,
and loses his own soul?” The word soul (psychē) is the same
Greek word translated life (psychē) in v 35 and should be
rendered life in v 36. English
translators intend for the word soul to mean that a person
will lose his soul in hell. However, the context is
clearly a discipleship/rewards context.
... Jesus takes the best-case scenario for His illustration. A
man who gains the whole world is one who has lived for himself
and has been successful in amassing great wealth. However,
what profit will these vast riches be to him in eternity if he
has lived only for himself? Such profit is worthless in
eternity. He will leave all his wealth behind. As a believer
he will enter eternity with a loss of the fullness of life he
could have had. Christ’s second question in v 37 relates to
this analogy. At the point the man enters into eternity, “what
will a man give in exchange for his soul (psychē, ‘life’)?”
What can he give to redo his life? His life is over and
nothing can compensate for such a loss. Again, this relates to
abundance in the life to come as a reward, and not deliverance
from hell. A person should follow Christ because, although it
is costly, he will preserve his life unto eternal reward and
life enhancement." [Mershon, B., Jr. (2010). The Gospel
according to Mark. In R. N. Wilkin (Ed.), The Grace New
Testament Commentary (R. N. Wilkin, Ed.) (175–176). Denton,
TX: Grace Evangelical Society.]
Commentators
often
point out that Jesus' remark echoes Psalms 49.7-8 (not an
'interim ethic'...smile):
"Truly
no man can ransom another, or give to God the price of his
life, for the ransom of their life is costly and can never
suffice, that he should live on forever and never see the
pit."
Seven.
Interpretation of the Parable of the Sower (Mt
13.18ff; Mr 4.13ff; Lk 8.11ff). I put this passage into this
class because of the 'cares
of the world and lure of wealth' clause. This
cares/lure terminology is in MT+MR, whereas LK uses 'cares,
riches,
and pleasures of life', and MR has 'desire
for other things'. These things are said to
'choke' the seed (Word) so that the seed bears no fruit. We
just need to consider whether this is some kind of implicit
urgency/interim ethic scenario.
To
be
such, it would have to somehow require disposition of wealth
PRIOR to accepting the word of the kingdom. And the focus of
the passage is on 'ordinary' problems of receptivity (e.g.
lack of spiritual interest, persecution, preoccupation). These
are not related to apocalyptic issues, but are standard
problems we all face in living in the context of spiritual
truth. This is still more about attitudes
toward material goods than about ownership.
"The seed among
thorns pictures those who get so encumbered with the basic
enticements of this world that they produce no fruit. The seed
again fails to accomplish its purpose. The terms used here do
not appear frequently in the Synoptics. “Worries” is used
elsewhere only in Luke 21:34; “lure” appears only here and in
its parallel, Matt 13:22; and “desire” has no parallel akin to
its use here, although it is used positively in Luke 22:15. The
theme of riches and the problems of the rich are a concern
(Matt 6:24–25; 19:23–24; Mark 10:25; Luke 1:53;
12:21). In
this case, the failure lies with the distractions that
prevent the person from benefiting from the word.
The one thing the first three groups share is that none of
them are fruitful. In the terms of the parable, they are all
failures." [Turner, D., & Bock, D. L. (2005). Cornerstone
biblical commentary, Vol 11: Matthew and Mark (435). Carol
Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers.]
Ok. Now I have passages which have TWO of the gospels with some textual element (possibly) related to urgency/interim ethic.
One. The
Gerasene/Gadarene Demoniac (Mt 8.28ff; Mr
5.1ff; Lk 8.26ff). We have already looked at this passage and
noted that this involved the opposite of 'leaving
all/following Jesus'. The healed individual in MR and LK
appeal to Jesus to 'leave and follow', but Jesus sends him
home. This is the opposite of the 'urgency/interim' ethic
hypothesis. We also noted that this is not a 'softening' of
Jesus' position because it is the same in (earlier) Mark as it
is in (later) Luke.
Two. Jairus
Daughter/Woman's Faith (Mt 9.18ff; Mr 5.21ff;
Lk 8.40ff). This is similar to the above, in that Jesus orders
them to keep it a secret -- in Mr and Luke. This order is
omitted in MT. The 'secrecy motif' is somewhat oppositional to
the 'urgency/interim ethic' hypothesis.
Three. The
Primacy of discipleship over family (Mt 10.37,
no-MR, Lk 14.26ff). We have looked at this saying also, and
found that it was a staple
ethic of the pre-Jesus Biblical world. It is
not mentioned in MR, but the strong wording is present in MT
and LK. Nothing here supporting urgency/interim ethic.
Four. On
forgiveness (Mt 18.21f; no-MR; Lk 17.4). This is the
'how
often should I forgive?' passage. I included
this passage in this class because it possibly implied some
time duration indicator. It probably doesn't, but Jesus'
directive to forgive 70x7 times might
suggest that believers would be sinning against believers for
a long, long pre-Eschaton period. It probably cannot be used
as support for this (since it is more about the magnitude of
the base of the Father's forgiveness of us--from the following
parable Jesus gives), but it certainly would not support the
blogger's thesis either.
"Peter seemed to
think that forgiving seven times was quite adequate, but
Jesus’ hyperbolic answer indicates that forgiveness must be
unending (cf. 5:21–26; 6:12, 14–15; m.
Yoma 8:9). Whether 18:22 is translated
“seventy-seven times” (NIV; BDAG 269) or “seventy times seven”
(NLT), the
following parable of the unforgiving servant (18:23–35)
demonstrates that disciples have been forgiven by their
heavenly Father of much more than they could ever forgive
their fellow disciples. Thus, to be forgiven is
to be freed to forgive. The response to offense mandated by
Jesus is the opposite of Lamech’s vengeful boast that he would
be avenged seventy-seven times upon anyone who injured him
(Gen 4:24)." [Turner, D., & Bock, D. L. (2005).
Cornerstone biblical commentary, Vol 11: Matthew and Mark
(242). Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers.]
Five.
On
Temptations (MT 18.6ff; Mr 9.42f; no-LK). This
passage contains the famous 'self-mutilation' texts (cut off
hand/foot, tear out eye)--to avoid stumbling. MR and MT have
basically the same content, although MR alternates 'enter
the kingdom' with 'enter
life' once. Both contrast 'enter
life' with 'thrown
into hell', but MR contrasts 'enter kingdom'
with 'thrown
into hell'. Both contain the 'fire' image of
hell (MT: the eternal fire; MR: hell, the unquenchable fire).
Matthew had reported another usage of this imagery by Jesus in
5.29-30.
This
is
so strongly worded (and visualized) that I thought that it was
a good candidate for 'urgency/interim ethic'. In other words, if
this self-mutilation directive was unique to the period or
somehow connected with something other than radical
self-denial ('hating one's life')--which was
NOT an urgency/interim ethic, then maybe we had found some
support for the blogger's thesis.
So,
let's
look at some of the remarks from the commentators and from
background studies, to see
if anyone picked up on this thought/possibility:
"Jesus used the
amputation of a hand or foot and of the gouging out of an eye
as hyperboles here as he had previously in 5:29–30. As awful
as these images are, the prospect of eternal punishment is
worse. It should go without saying that this language is
hypothetical as well as hyperbolical. One’s
hands, feet, and eyes do not cause one to sin, and ridding oneself of them would not get at the
root of sin, the heart (15:18–20). The
point is that one must deal radically with one’s sinful
tendencies (cf. Prov 4:23)."
[Turner, D., & Bock, D. L. (2005). Cornerstone biblical
commentary, Vol 11: Matthew and Mark (237). Carol Stream, IL:
Tyndale House Publishers.]
"Many things may
hinder one from believing in Christ. Hand (v 43), foot (v 45),
and eye (v 47) refer
to things one handles, places he goes, or things he sees
that can cause him to stumble (cf. vv 43, 45,
47). Therefore Jesus commands to cut it off (hand or foot, vv
43, 45) or pluck it out (eye, v 47). Jesus
is using hyperbole to make the point that drastic
measures are sometimes required to remove hindrances to
faith from an unbeliever’s life.
Belonging to an unbelieving religious group, reading heretical
books, attending a liberal, unbelieving school, or having
close friends who are unbelievers, all can hinder faith in
Christ. ...To
turn from such hindrances may be painful, but Jesus
reasons that “it is better for you to enter into life
maimed, rather than having two hands (feet, eyes) to go to
hell.” It is better to believe in Jesus having
cut out of one’s life things that a person once enjoyed, than
to keep those things but never believe in Jesus." [Mershon,
B., Jr. (2010). The Gospel according to Mark. In R. N. Wilkin
(Ed.), The Grace New Testament Commentary (R. N. Wilkin, Ed.)
(180–181). Denton, TX: Grace Evangelical Society.
"Following his
source in Mark, Matthew adds to the warning against seducers a
direct warning to the members of the church who are in a
position to be seduced. While he repeats the sayings about
severing one’s hand and eye that he has already used in
5:29–30 in connection with the second antithesis, he applies
them differently. In the context of the second antithesis,
Matt 5:29–30 is a warning against sexual seduction. Here
the thought is more likely of a challenge to the little
ones to avoid all contact with people who want to destroy
their faith. The application in Matthew 5:29–30 is similar to
rabbinic parallels that relate hands and eyes to sexual
sins. Our text, on the other hand, is
closer
to Hellenistic parallels that compare the radical
separation from bad friends or from evil in general
to the work of a physician who may have to amputate parts of a
body. That the hyperbole of severing a body part refers to
real incidents—on the one hand to actual judgments against
adulterers or violent persons, on the other to a physician’s
practice—intensifies the power of the images and the urgency
of the exhortation." [Luz, U. (2001). Matthew: A commentary
(H. Koester, Ed.). Hermeneia—a Critical and Historical
Commentary on the Bible (435–436). Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg.
"For the poetical tracing of sins
to different parts of the body cf. Pr.
6:16–19; Job 31:1, 5, and 7."(note: Proverbs
6.16-19 reads: There
are six things that the LORD hates, seven that are an
abomination to him: haughty eyes, a lying tongue, and
hands that shed innocent blood, a heart that devises
wicked plans, feet that make haste to run to evil, a false
witness who breathes out lies, and one who sows discord
among brothers.) [France, R. T. (2002). The
Gospel of Mark: A commentary on the Greek text. New
International Greek Testament Commentary (381). Grand Rapids,
MI; Carlisle: W.B. Eerdmans; Paternoster Press.]
"Corporal
punishment (cutting off appendages, e.g., Ex
21:24–25) is
easier to bear than capital punishment, the decree of
eternal death pronounced by the heavenly court.
Some Jewish thinkers believed that one would be resurrected in
exactly the form in which one had died (e.g., with limbs
missing, as in the case of many martyrs) before
being made whole, and Jesus employs this
image." [Keener, C. S. (1993). The IVP Bible background
commentary: New Testament (Mt 5:29–30). Downers Grove, IL:
InterVarsity Press.]
"Self-mutilation was
prohibited in Judaism, so Jesus does
not intend for one to carry this out literally. He means it is
better to accept rigorous discipline now than be punished
later." [Arnold, C. E. (2002). Zondervan Illustrated Bible
Backgrounds Commentary Volume 1: Matthew, Mark, Luke (261).
Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.]
"It was not a Palestinian custom to refer to an abstract activity but to the specific member of the body which is responsible for it. For this reason, Jesus speaks of the offending hand, foot and eye, all members which have highly important functions to fulfill. They characterize a man concretely as one who acts and who is responsible for his actions. The representation of the members as the acting subject (“if your hand leads you to offend”) belongs to the realism of Jewish thought. The radical demand that the hand or foot should be hacked off or the eye plucked out if they expose a man to the danger of final rejection juxtaposes the relative value of physical life with the absolute value of that authentic, imperishable life which is bestowed by God alone. Jesus did not hesitate to call for the renunciation of possessions (Ch. 10:21), family (Ch. 10:28f.) and of life itself (Ch. 8:34f.) if these things stood in the way of following him; here he demands the complete sacrifice of the sinful activity of the member. This was not a demand for physical self-mutilation, but in the strongest manner possible Jesus speaks of the costliest sacrifices. For the sake of the unconditional rule of God the members of the body must not be placed at the disposal of sinful desire. The sinful member must be renounced in order that the whole body be not cast into hell. Conversely, concern for the preservation of a hand, a leg or a foot must not lead a man to denial of the sovereignty of God or his allegiance to Jesus. This thought found heroic exemplification in the history of Jewish martyrdom (e.g. 2 Macc. 7:2–41, where the sacrifice of limbs and life is accepted in order to be true to God and to receive life from his hand) and was to play a crucial role in the martyr Church as well. Whatever in one’s life tempts one to be untrue to God must be discarded, promptly and decisively, even as a surgeon amputates a hand or a leg in order to save a life." [Lane, W. L. (1974). The Gospel of Mark. The New International Commentary on the New Testament (347–348). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.]
Nope--they
all
see it as expressions of loyalty and focus.
Six.
The
Coming of Elijah (Mt 19.9ff; Mr 9.9ff; no-LK).
This is the post-Transfiguration discussion between Jesus and
the Three. In this, Jesus tells them to tell no one about the
vision until AFTER the Son of Man had risen from the dead.
This contains the 'secrecy motif' (somewhat) which is not
supportive of the blogger's thesis. However, this motif is not
really about urgency at all, but it does contain a kernel of
evidence against a high-apocalyptic view of Jesus.
If
you
look at how this 'do not tell' motif is understood, you can
see that it is more about
Jesus' concern that that some fellow Jews MIGHT understand
His ministry as an apocalyptic one, in which He
has come to 'destroy the enemies':
"This is the last
time in Matthew
that Jesus enjoins silence concerning miraculous events (cf.
16:20 for the most recent time). This and other commands
for silence aimed to avoid “superficial political
messianism” (Carson 1984:388), which
would have further exacerbated the enmity of the religious
leaders. After Jesus had been vindicated by his resurrection,
the true nature of his messianic ministry would become
clearer, and the
story of his miracles could be told in a proper context."
[Turner, D., & Bock, D. L. (2005). Cornerstone biblical
commentary, Vol 11: Matthew and Mark (228). Carol Stream, IL:
Tyndale House Publishers.]
"The command to
keep secret (9:9) the divine confirmation of Jesus’s
messiahship/sonship at the transfiguration (9:7) parallels
Jesus’s command to Peter not to tell anyone that he is the
Messiah (8:30; cf. also 5:43; 7:36).
Jesus’s particular understanding of the messianic role was
so different from what was popularly held that a public
declaration of his messiahship could only cause confusion
and misunderstanding (see 8:30). Telling others
what happened at the transfiguration before Jesus’s
resurrection would also cause confusion, for the way of
vindication and glory for the Son of Man was via the suffering
of the cross (8:31). It
was already clear that the disciples thought that the
messiahship of the Christ did not or could not involve a
cross (8:32), and some of Mark’s readers may
have had a similar misunderstanding. However, Good Friday must
precede the fulfillment of what the transfiguration points to.
The
Son of Man must first give his life as a ransom for many
(10:45) before he comes in glory (8:38). The
tradition of the transfiguration first became known to the
followers of Jesus (and the other disciples) after the
resurrection. Only then would it make sense." [Stein, R. H.
(2008). Mark. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament
(423–424). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.]
"not
to tell anyone what they had seen until the Son of Man had
risen from the dead. The
disciples were not yet ready to preach Jesus because they
didn’t yet appreciate precisely how he fit into God’s plan.
Jesus told them to remain silent until the Son of Man (that
is, Jesus) had risen, a remark that echoes 8:31. The “silence”
motif reaches from 1:25 to as recently as 8:29." [Turner, D.,
& Bock, D. L. (2005). Cornerstone biblical commentary, Vol
11: Matthew and Mark (475). Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House
Publishers.
"It
quickly becomes apparent that the disciples did not
understand the significance of the transfiguration. For this
very reason Jesus demanded silence.
Verse 9 is the last injunction to silence in Mark, it
is the only one that gives a reason for the command, and
it places a time limit on the “secret.” Therefore this verse is the key to understanding
all the commands of silence. Until
Jesus had died and had been raised, his
true identity and significance could not be known.
He could not be proclaimed until then. Just
as people pondered whether John was the Christ (cf. Luke
3:15), so, according to Mark, Jesus intended that during
his lifetime they should ponder whether he was the Christ.
The
“messianic secret” was not the invention of Mark but the
intention of Jesus." [Brooks, J. A.
(1991). Vol. 23: Mark. The New American Commentary (143).
Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers.]
"The principal
point here is that if the passion provides a vital element of
Jesus’ messianic identity and mission (as in 8:31–38), then
the glory of the transfiguration cannot be shared until it
can be proclaimed in the light of the passion,
which is its proper context." [Evans, C. A. (2001). Vol. 34B:
Mark 8:27–16:20. Word Biblical Commentary (43). Dallas: Word,
Incorporated.]
Nothing
here.
Seven. The
anti-Korban passages (Mt 15.3ff; Mr 7.1ff;
no-LK). These passages affirm the importance of supporting
one's parents in accordance with OT/Tanakh Torah. These
passages, of course, argue against some kind of
austere/interim ethic, as is sometimes thought to be attached
to the 'hate your family' passages we looked at elsewhere.
Since even the 'hate your family' passages were seen to be
non-interim directives, then these anti-Korban passages can
count as strong evidence against the blogger's hypothesis.
Eight. The
faithful and wise steward (Mt 24.3ff; no-MR; Lk
12.35ff). This is not in Mr, but MT+LK use the 'delay' wording
in the story, as the rationale for the wicked steward's misuse
of his master's assets. It contains the watchfulness motif and
the 'unexpected hour' motif, but also suggests that the master
has provided resources (food) adequate
for an extended absence. The ethic in the
story, therefore, is simple stewardship of assets entrusted to
one's responsibility. This is not a 'new' ethic (!) for a
transitional age, but one that is universal in time. The
failure of Israel's leadership in the Hebrew bible is
described in detail therein, and alleged 'delay' was used as
an 'excuse' back then too (cf. Ezek 12.22).
Nine. Let
the dead bury their dead (Mt 8.18ff; no-MR; Lk
9.57ff). I have already examined this passage in detail and
there is nothing here either. It is interesting to note,
though, that as 'promising' a text this is for urgency/interim
ethics, it doesn't show up in Mark, but only in the allegedly
watered-down versions of MT and LK. This is contrary to the
hypothesis.
Ten. Jesus
denounces the Scribes and Pharisees (Mt 23.1ff;
Mr 12.37ff; Lk 20.45ff). The part of this long section I
marked as possible evidence was the reference to tithing of
mint, rue, and herbs. Jesus faults these leaders for their
neglect of justice, mercy and faith--but still affirms the
essential goodness of tithing these valued products. Although
there might
be an implicit reference to 'go...sell...give'
everything (a la
the Rich Young Ruler passage) embedded in the terminology of
'justice' and 'mercy', the
affirmation of the tithe basically negates that. To give a
tenth, implies to NOT give 'ten tenths--and
this is data contrary to an urgency/interim-ethic position.
Tithing was, of course, and OT/Tanakh directive.
"Tithing was the
giving of a tenth
of what one possessed to God. It was commanded in the Mosaic
legislation (Lev 27:30; Num 18:21–28), and commended in the OT
(Neh 10:37–39; 12:44; 13:10–12; Mal 3:8). Even before Moses,
it was practiced, for Abraham offered a tithe to Melchizedek,
“a priest of God Most High” (Gen 14:17–20; cf. Heb 5:5–10;
7:1–10).
Tithing is rarely noted in the NT, and when it is, it
occurs in passages that suggest the abuse of the practice,
in the form of legalism or self-congratulation
(18:12; Matt 23:23)." [Trites, A. A., & William J. Larkin.
(2006). Cornerstone biblical commentary, Vol 12: The Gospel of
Luke and Acts (185). Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House
Publishers.]
"The first woe
warns the Pharisees not
to major on minor religious issues and ignore more
important concerns. Much care went into getting
tithes right, and the Pharisees tithed precisely. The tithe
was the donation of a tenth of one’s material possessions for
the nation, temple, or clergy. Appeal is made to Lev. 27:30
for the practice of tithing mint, rue, and herbs (Bornkamm,
TDNT 4:66; Manson 1949: 98; SB 1:923–24; 2:189), but
since the rabbinic regulations of this practice are later
than the OT texts, we are dealing with a tradition in this
pericope. The Mishnah discusses such tithes in
several places: m. Šeb. 9.1; m. Ma˓as. 4.5; m. Dem. 2.1; and
the entire tractate m. Ma˓asaer Šeni. (The differences with
Matt. 23:23 reflect distinct settings, because Matthew lacks a
general reference to herbs and speaks of mint, dill, and
cummin.) ... Meanwhile,
two central ethical imperatives—justice and love for
God—are neglected. This is a serious omission,
for these things are part of a basic response to God’s demands
(Mic. 6:8; Zech. 7:8–10; Col. 3:12–13; Büchsel, TDNT
3:941–42).... The
Pharisees handle externals well, but lack internal
responses. This woe specifies the earlier
charge and sets the ethical standard. ... A corrective
concludes the woe. The
virtues of love and justice should be practical while
observing the tithing of herbs. Jesus
condemns the Pharisees’ selectivity in choosing to
follow only certain minor rules while consistently
ignoring the important matters. What they practice does
not rile him, but what they fail to practice and what
they emphasize does. They omit the
important matters while scoring well on more trivial pursuits.
They should tithe, but they should also be kind to their
neighbor and honor God." [Bock, D. L. (1996). Luke Volume 2:
9:51–24:53. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament
(1115–1116). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.]
Eleven. Love of One's
enemies from
Sermon
on the Mount and Sermon on the Plain (MT 5.42 with 7.12; Lk
6.30-31). This is the 'give
to whoever asks for something' passage, and we
have already noted that these commands are grounded
on reciprocity, rewards, and the character of God.
Nothing about urgency or interim goodness is here--it is
rooted in Jewish scriptures and piety (pre-Jesus). He
elevates it to a higher level of generosity, but this is
rooted in the character of God (and the need to
learn to trust Him for provision!):
"Giving alms and
loaning to the poor was a central exercise of Jewish piety
(Deut. 15:7–11). However, Jesus
widens the obligation by admonishing his
disciples generally
not to turn away the one who wants to borrow. This
is a powerful image of generosity, because the
one seeking a loan could be unscrupulous, even one’s enemy,
who might not repay the loan (cf. Luke 6:34–35). The Old
Testament gives a low status to people who consistently seek
loans and do not repay them (Ps. 37:21), but to give freely to
whoever seeks assistance, especially to those from whom there
is little chance of repayment, is the height of generosity."
[Arnold, C. E. (2002). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds
Commentary Volume 1: Matthew, Mark, Luke (42). Grand Rapids,
MI: Zondervan.
Twelve. Do
not worry about your life (Mt 6.19-21; 6.25ff;
Lk 12.22ff). This is the well-cared for lilies and birds
passage, in which Jesus attempts to get the disciples focused
on the work and NOT on their culinary expectations or clothing
requirements. Because it has (in the Lukan version only--note
the time sequence dissonance with the hypothesis) the 'sell
your possessions' phrase, it could be a good
candidate for this urgency/interim-ethic category. We need to
look at Jesus' argument here.
The
passage
divides fairly cleanly into two
parts: (1) Do not worry about mundane needs,
since God will provide these as you 'strive for' the kingdom
and righteousness (Mt 6.25-33; LK 12.22-31) and (2) invest in
spiritual treasures in heaven, which cannot be affected by the
ravages of this world (Mt 6.19-21; Lk 32-34) . If
either of these directives are based upon some expression
of end-of-all-things-within-40-years, then we
might have some data to support the hypothesis.
The
do-not-worry
section has Jesus
giving reasons for them not to worry. Bock
[BECNT, Luke] delineates these as he comments through the
passage:
"Jesus
gives a reason (γάρ, gar) for
his call not to worry. He offers a two-part
assertion that sounds like a proverb: life is more than food,
and the body is more than clothing. The
point seems to be that, since there is more to life than
food and clothing, to be overly concerned with them is to
miss life’s important concern—a relationship with God (1
Tim. 6:6–19). The illustrations of nature in 12:24, 27, 28
operate on the level of food (ravens) and clothing (lilies and
grass). God
will care for these basics. Food and clothing only sustain
and shield us. As Danker (1988: 249) says,
“Living is more than having.” The Lord’s Prayer shows the
proper relationship (11:3–4). Daily needs are to be placed in
God’s hands and seen in relationship to him (Ernst 1977: 402),
which is similar to the statement of 4:4 that people do not
live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from God (1
Pet. 5:7; Marshall 1978: 526).
"The first
reason was that life
consists of more than food and clothing. The second
was that God
cares for people in his creation.
"Continuing his
appeal not to worry, Jesus
offers a practical objection: worrying is useless. This is
the third reason that Jesus offers (Marshall
1978: 527).
"Jesus develops
his rationale about the
pointlessness of worrying: if a person cannot
do a little thing like adding a little time to one’s life
span, then why worry about other matters that may well be
beyond one’s control and will not add to one’s life.
"Having
illustrated his point, Jesus returns to his basic exhortation
of 12:22:
disciples are not to be anxious about basic needs like
food and drink. The hapax legomenon
μετεωρίζεσθε (meteōrizesthe) normally means “to be lifted up,
be puffed up” and can mean “to be overbearing.” It is a
graphic picture of hovering between hope and fear, between
heaven and earth (Danker 1988: 251). The
picture is of anxious, emotional insecurity and
instability as it races between various emotions. An
idiomatic equivalent might be “to get worked up” over
something. One who recognizes that God cares
can be spared such anxious mood swings.
"Now comes the
positive exhortation. What
is to be the disciple’s priority? Jesus puts it simply:
seek God’s kingdom. The present
tense ζητεῖτε (zēteite, seek) indicates that this is to be the disciple’s
habit; that is, “keep seeking his kingdom.”
Disciples are to be engaged in the
pursuit of representing God on earth.
They are to seek God’s rule (K.
Schmidt, TDNT 1:588). God’s followers are to respond to his
call to walk as he desires. Followers also share in the
spiritual benefits that come from such a walk (11:2). God’s
commitment to disciples is to offer care, to provide
fundamental things such as food and shelter. The
reference to “the things added” alludes to life’s basics, not
vast material gain. This limitation is indicated by Luke 12 as
a whole. But to use guilt as a tactic against those who have
material holdings is not the point of such a verse either
(though concern for how such holdings are used is indicated by
12:32). The
point is simply that God promises to provide basic needs
for his disciples. Matthew 6:33 has a longer
form of this saying. He speaks of seeking “first” God’s
kingdom “and his righteousness,” and “all” these things shall
be added to you. These are not different ideas, since to seek
his kingdom is to seek to live in a way that honors God’s
presence and rule."
So,
the
basic idea then has nothing really to do with urgency/interim
ethics, but with simple priorities and focus--befitting those
who seek to follow and serve the Lord Jesus:
"Jesus
knew that material things often occupy the thoughts of
most people, much of the time. Luke had already
drawn attention to this tendency to absorption in material
issues in the parable of the sower (8:11–15; cf. Matt
13:18–23; Mark 4:13–20). In the interpretation of that
parable, disciples are warned that it is possible for the
divine word to be “crowded out” or “choked” by the cares and
riches and pleasures of this life (8:14b). The result of this
stifling is the sad failure to achieve their expected
potential: “And so they never grow into maturity” (8:14c). The
exercise of patience was required to bring forth this
productive, excellent fruit from the good soil: “The seeds
that fell on the good soil represent honest, good-hearted
people who hear God’s word, cling to it, and patiently produce
a huge harvest” (8:15). Here,
we have further teaching and a pertinent reminder that
life consists of far more than food and clothing
(12:23). Admittedly, these items are always
needed by people, especially by those who are barely
making ends meet in an economy where the rich are getting
richer and the poor are being badly oppressed and
exploited. But Jesus taught his followers not to worry about
everyday life." [Trites, A.
A., & William J. Larkin. (2006). Cornerstone biblical
commentary, Vol 12: The Gospel of Luke and Acts (192–193).
Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers.]
Then
comes
the second
part about 'spiritual treasures in heaven'.
Only Luke as the 'sell
possessions', but the thrust of both versions
is the same--it is about Christ-like
generosity and serving others, and not about
how 'short the time is'. It does have a future aspect (i.e.
rewards in heaven)--and it encourages that perspective--but
the reality of future rewards for righteousness was much, much
older than Jesus ministry on earth (cf. the Hall of Fame in
Hebrews 11).
"Jesus explains
the rationale for his exhortation with a proverbial saying
about loyalty. One is loyal to the things one values most. The
references to the heart and to treasure are figurative for
“priorities” and “that which is valued.” If one values people, then
one will work to meet their needs. If one values self,
then one will collect possessions that perish.
As Danker (1972: 152) says, “If one’s bank deposit is made in
Heaven First National, then the real choices of a man’s life
will be governed by that perspective.” If so, one will invest
in others. " [Bock, D. L. (1996). Luke Volume 2: 9:51–24:53.
Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament (1167–1168).
Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.]
"Luke highlighted
the open-handed generosity taught by Jesus. In a
world filled with real need, it was incumbent
upon those who would follow the “man from Nazareth” to
reach out in compassion and minister to those in distress
(12:33–34). Instead of just being concerned to build up a
store of treasure for oneself (as in
the parable of the rich fool, 12:13–21), there
was to be a willingness to part with possessions in
order to meet the pressing needs of others, a point
stressed by Jesus and buttressed by wonderful promises
of blessing in the good time coming
(Matt 19:29). In the stories of Acts, we see striking examples
of people like Barnabas,
the
generous-hearted man from Cyprus who willingly shared his
possessions for the sake of needy members of the Jerusalem
church (Acts 4:34–37). By contrast, there were
also people like Ananias and Sapphira who fell into the trap
of duplicity; they wanted to appear to be generous, and so
they deceptively inflated their account of what they had
given. Their sad hypocrisy was revealed and exposed, with
sobering results (Acts 5:1–11). By
contrast, genuine concern on the part of disciples to
meet the down-to-earth needs of people in the present
life is to be viewed in the light of eternity,
for “the purses of heaven never get old or develop holes”
(12:33; cf. 6:38) Jesus spoke the revealing and exposing
truth: “Wherever
your
treasure is, there the desires of your heart will also be”
(12:34). If one’s heart is on the eternal treasures, they will
be more giving during their life on earth." [Trites, A. A.,
& William J. Larkin. (2006). Cornerstone biblical
commentary, Vol 12: The Gospel of Luke and Acts (194). Carol
Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers.]
" Jesus points
the disciples to permanent treasure. He exhorts them to sell
their possessions and offer alms, that is, give charitably to
the poor. Pursuing the kingdom means caring for others,
rather than for self. The
security that one has in God frees one to be generous
with possessions and to be generous with others
(L. Johnson 1977: 155). Alms were often regarded as an act of
piety, both in the NT and in Judaism. To
show concern for others rather than for oneself is at the
heart of Jesus’ teaching, where love for others has a high
place. To
give up possessions to aid the poor shows the highest
degree of such commitments. ... The
value of such action is that
its significance can never be taken away or destroyed.
The figurative reference to purses that do not grow old
alludes to the money bag (βαλλάντιον, ballantion) used by
business owners (Rengstorf, TDNT 1:525–26; BAGD 130; BAA 263;
only in Luke’s Gospel: 10:4; here; 22:35, 36). The picture of
the thief and the moth suggests that nothing can affect the
quality of such work. Moths are a common figure for riches
that are naturally spoiled, since the little creatures can
ruin expensive clothes. They depict decay (Marshall 1978: 532;
Bauernfeind, TDNT 7:275–77).
Heavenly treasure will not fail or spoil, unlike its
earthly counterpart, which can disappear in a fleeting
moment because it stays bolted to earth upon death. The
picture is of heavenly treasure laid in nonperishable
(ἀνέκλειπτον, anekleipton; BAGD 64; BAA 127; a NT hapax
legomenon) receptacles. Such treasure is laid up in heaven for
the one who cares for those in need. The
treasure refers to the benefits of being faithful to God,
so that one stores up God’s pleasure by having done his
will. This faithfulness reaps rich, everlasting reward as
a result (1 Cor. 3:10–15; 2 Cor. 5:10). God
notices where people place their accounts, and death does not
close them. Lack of attachment to
possessions is a constant NT theme (1
Cor. 7:30; 1 Tim. 6:7–19; Luke 14:33 [an exposition of 12:33];
Plummer 1896: 329). The stress is not on literally selling all, but
on making use of one’s resources in a way that benefits
others. Zacchaeus is the positive example of how
resources are to be used (19:1–10).
... This exhortation is given here because of the persecution
a disciple will face. This opposition might lead to martyrdom
or the destruction of one’s possessions. To
be tied to possessions might cause a disciple to be
divided in allegiance. Others attribute the remarks to an
eschatological expectation of the kingdom’s nearness,
but this is not clear (Luce 1933:
233). Acts
2 and 4 show that this exhortation was put into practice
in Jerusalem, but it was not insisted upon. Rather, it was
undertaken voluntarily, as seen in Peter’s
recognition of Ananias and Sapphira’s right to keep some
proceeds (Acts 5). This response to Jesus’ teaching shows that
the expression probably addressed an
attitude of readiness to give over all into God’s
service. ... Matthew 6:19–21 is
similar in concept, though in Luke this verse has very
distinct wording. Where
Matthew speaks of laying up treasure as the main
exhortation, Luke has a direct, nonfigurative command to
sell possessions and give alms. The Lucan
command is summarized by the aorist tense and calls for
decisive action (T. Schmidt 1987: 148). Both accounts,
however, share the next verse’s proverbial expression: where
your treasure is, there your heart is also. Distinct sayings
are more than likely." [Bock, D. L. (1996). Luke Volume 2:
9:51–24:53. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament
(1166–1167). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.
The
future-oriented
'rewards' aspect is not connected to the 'eschatological
crisis' of the short-term, last-days scenario, but rather to
the more general future-rewards generosity of God. This
directive (to sell and give) was not a 'requirement'
for end-time believers, but was a result
of God's gift of His Spirit to the church.
"Others
attribute
the remarks to an eschatological expectation
of the kingdom’s nearness, but this is not clear
(Luce 1933: 233). Acts
2 and 4 show that this exhortation was put into practice
in Jerusalem, but it was not insisted upon. Rather, it was
undertaken voluntarily, as seen in Peter’s
recognition of Ananias and Sapphira’s right to keep some
proceeds (Acts 5). This response to Jesus’ teaching shows that
the expression probably addressed an
attitude of readiness to give over all into God’s
service. ... Matthew 6:19–21 is
similar in concept, though in Luke this verse has very
distinct wording. Where
Matthew speaks of laying up treasure as the main
exhortation, Luke has a direct, nonfigurative command to
sell possessions and give alms. " [Bock, D. L.
(1996). Luke Volume 2: 9:51–24:53. Baker Exegetical Commentary
on the New Testament (1166–1167). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker
Academic.
"In a way v. 34
sums it all up. The heart as the seat of human yearning must
have its proper attraction: a heavenly treasure. The maxim
does not tell the reader what that treasure is or even why it
lasts; it suggests rather why the seeking for the kingdom can
find an obstacle in the seeking for food, drink, and
clothing—attractions that seduce. Even
though the maxim in itself is devoid of an
eschatological dimension, yet in the context it assumes
one; however, that background is not the eschatological crisis,
but the fate of the individual after death
(so W. Pesch, “Zur Exegese,” 374). In such a context one must
guard that the heart is not seduced by earthly possessions."
[Fitzmyer, J. A., S.J. (2008). Vol. 28A: The Gospel according
to Luke X–XXIV: Introduction, translation, and notes. Anchor
Yale Bible (982). New Haven; London: Yale University Press.]
And
the
parallel from the very non-apocalyptic Gospel
of Thomas 76.3 (Nag Hammadi II 2) supports the
position that it was not understood as a statement about the
eschatological crisis:
You
too search for his treasure which does not perish, which
stays where moth cannot reach (it) to eat (it) nor worm
deface (it).
[The critical
edition of Q: Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and
Luke, Mark and Thomas with English, German, and French
translations of Q and Thomas. 2000 (J. M. Robinson, P.
Hoffmann & J. S. Kloppenborg, Ed.). Hermeneia—a Critical
and Historical Commentary on the Bible. Minneapolis; Leuven:
Fortress Press; Peeters.]
This
motif
of repayment-after-death shows up often in Jesus' teachings,
and it is not correlated to an imminent Return at all. Cf Luke
14:12-14:
He
said also to the man who had invited him, “When you give a
dinner or a banquet, do not invite your friends or your
brothers or your relatives or rich neighbors, lest they also
invite you in return and you be repaid. 13 But when you
give a feast, invite the poor, the crippled, the lame, the
blind, 14 and you will be blessed, because they cannot
repay you. For
you will be repaid at the resurrection of the just.”
(Lk 14:12–14).
Contrary
to
the hypothesis--btw--is the fact that the Lukan version is
stronger than the (earlier) Synoptics--when it should be the
other way around:
"Sell
your
possessions and give to those in need.
Wealth and poverty are prominent themes in the synoptic
Gospels, but not in John’s Gospel. While Mark has some
material on the subject (e.g., Mark 12:41–44), the “vast
majority of the teaching is found in Q material, blocks of
which occur in Matthew 6 and Luke 6, 12, and 16. Of
the two Gospels, Luke has both more material than
Matthew and a stronger form of the material which both
include. For example, Luke includes
woes along with his Beatitudes (6:20–26), which sharpen the
teaching by explicitly stating the obverse. Therefore, it can
be said fairly that Luke has a special interest in the topic,
although the same general attitude is shared by Matthew and
perhaps also by Mark. The three Evangelists give a consistent
picture of Jesus’ attitude toward wealth and poverty” (DJG
705)." [Trites, A. A., & William J. Larkin. (2006).
Cornerstone biblical commentary, Vol 12: The Gospel of Luke
and Acts (192). Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers.]
And,
finally,
we should note that this 'treasures' motif pre-dates
the
earthly ministry of Jesus. It can be found in
the intertestamental literature:
"A
treasure in heaven (12:33). Various Jewish
texts speak of good works (such as almsgiving) as a means of
storing up true treasures. Sirach
says, “Lose your silver for the sake of a brother or a friend,
and do
not let it rust under a stone and be lost. Lay
up your treasure according to the commandments of the Most
High, and it will profit you more than gold”
(Sir. 29:10–11)." [Arnold, C. E. (2002). Zondervan Illustrated
Bible Backgrounds Commentary Volume 1: Matthew, Mark, Luke
(430). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
"...for those who
act in accordance with truth will prosper in all their
activities. To
all those who practice righteousness 7 give alms from your
possessions, and do not let your eye begrudge the gift
when you make it. Do not turn your face away
from anyone who is poor, and the face of God will not be
turned away from you. 8 If
you have many possessions, make your gift from them in
proportion; if few, do not be afraid to give according to
the little you have. 9 So you will be laying up
a
good treasure for yourself against the day of
necessity. 10 For almsgiving delivers from death and keeps you
from going into the Darkness. 11 Indeed, almsgiving, for all
who practice it, is an excellent offering in the presence of
the Most High. " [The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard
Version. 1989 (Tobit
4:6–11). Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers.]
And
has
parallels
in pagan philosophy--which is NOT rooted in
Jewish apocalyptic (smile):
"If a person
seeks such heavenly treasure, the implication is that his
heart, i.e. his affections, is directed in the right way,
whereas if a person piles up earthly treasure, the evidence
shows that his affections are earthbound and hence his heart
is not truly related to God. Hence the saying provides a
motive for the preceding command, by showing that the person
who continues to hold on to earthly wealth and does not fulfil
the command in v. 33 is not really seeking after the kingdom
of God. The two attitudes are mutually exclusive. The saying has parallels in pagan philosophy
(Epictetus II, 22, 19; Sentences of Sextus, 136).
Luke has the plural form of the personal pronoun, diff. Mt.,
which is grammatically better and indicates the universal
application of the saying." [Marshall, I. H. (1978). The
Gospel of Luke: A commentary on the Greek text. New
International Greek Testament Commentary (532). Exeter:
Paternoster Press.]
So,
there
seems to be nothing here either.
Thirteen. On
Serving Two Masters (Matthew 6.34, in the
Sermon on the Mount; Luke 16.13). I included this in the
possible urgency/interim-ethic class because of how strong the
statement about money was. The "cannot serve two
masters" sounded like it MIGHT be about harsh
tradeoffs in an interim period, or about
'sell-all/give-all/follow-now" ethics.
But
this
looks more like the other 'focus' or 'priority' or 'loyalty'
or 'watch out for materialism' passages, in which the eternal ethic
of spiritual centeredness is in focus (in keeping with the
Greatest Commandment--Thou
shalt love the Lord your God with all and all and all...
would that we little believers could actually do that more
and more and more in our lives....sigh).
"Divided
loyalty is impossible—a disciple cannot be the
loyal slave of both God (producing heavenly treasure) and
wealth (producing earthly treasure). God’s
kingdom demands exclusive loyalty, as Jesus reminded Satan
(4:10, citing Deut. 6:13). One’s devotion to it must be
single-minded." [Turner, D. L. (2008). Matthew. Baker
Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament (198). Grand
Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.]
"Against those who might
protest that they can accumulate both spiritual and
earthly treasures, Jesus replies that they have only two
options. They must choose between competing loyalties.
“Master” suggests a slaveowner who required total allegiance.
People could not serve two masters in the way in which people
today often work two jobs. “Money”
is more literally mammon, referring to all of a person’s
material resources. Of course, many people do try to
cherish both God and mammon, but ultimately only one will
be chosen. The other will be “hated,” even if
only by neglect. “Love” and “hate” in Semitic thought are
often roughly equivalent to choose and not choose. ... Many
perceptive observers have sensed that the greatest danger to
Western Christianity is not, as is sometimes alleged,
prevailing ideologies such as Marxism, Islam, the New Age
movement or humanism but rather the
all-pervasive materialism of our affluent culture. We try
so hard to create heaven on earth and to throw in
Christianity when convenient as another small addition to
the so-called good life. Jesus proclaims that
unless we are willing to serve him wholeheartedly in every
area of life, but particularly with our material resources, we
cannot claim to be serving him at all
(cf. under 8:18–22)." [Blomberg, C. (1992). Vol. 22: Matthew.
The New American Commentary (124). Nashville: Broadman &
Holman Publishers.]
"On the other
hand, then, is the opposite, “serving Mammon,”
a
pseudo-religious captivation by materialism.
The term “mammon” (μαμμωνᾶς) is interesting for a number of
reasons. Originally an Aramaic term, ממון,
in
its Greek form it designates “wealth” and “property” as
a personified and demonic force.2 The
name recognizes the religious structure of materialism. Antiquity
had long before recognized that the relentless pursuit of
money and possessions is tantamount to the worship of a
pseudo-deity. Naming this pseudo-deity by a foreign name
indicates its demonic and even magical character.
Serving this Mammon results in self-enslavement;
one has lost control. To many of those
who are in the service of this pseudo-deity, the worship of
the true God may appear to be compatible. Things could be
neatly arranged: serving materialistic goals in the secular
world, and serving God in the religious world. Such a
combination, popular as it may be, however, renders the
service of the true God impossible. Once
Mammon is granted power, the demands by this pseudo-god
crowd out everything else, and the worship of God becomes
an empty gesture. The problem is not,
therefore, spending money or owning property, but
becoming possessed by Mammon’s demonic powers.
...What ethical conclusion then does one draw from it? One
must choose: one can either serve God in freedom or serve
Mammon in slavery. One cannot do both because theologically
they are antithetical and absolutely irreconcilable.
Ethically, one is obliged to serve God in the proper ways.
What then is the consequence for one’s handling of money and
possessions? The message is that money and property are not
just that, but that they can easily ensnare and possess
people. They
exercise power that is none other than what we call
materialism. Materialism, however, is a pseudo-religious
way of life, the service of a pseudo-god identified by the
name Mammon. Contrary
to expectations, Mammon does not liberate but enslave.
Discipleship of Jesus is clearly incompatible with such
entrapment by Mammon. How is one to prevent it? The answer given in the SM is not that money or
ownership of property is by itself evil. Rather, the SM
presupposes that the disciples have possessions.
[Footnote there: SM/Matt 6:24 par. may reflect the position
held by the historical Jesus concerning wealth (cf. also Luke
14:33; Mark 10:17–22 par.). This would imply that Jesus did not require
total poverty for everyone, but only for those whom he
recognized as being in the grip of Mammon.]
How
else could they be exhorted to give alms? The
issue is not the money but the service of Mammon and the
enslavement of those who are caught up in it. That enslavement
makes money and possessions a trap of self-destruction. The worship of the one God is the best means of
keeping oneself free from such entrapment, once one
recognizes that a clear choice has to be made."
[Betz, H. D. (1995). The Sermon on the mount: A commentary on
the Sermon on the mount, including the Sermon on the plain
(Matthew 5:3-7:27 and Luke 6:20-49) (A. Y. Collins, Ed.).
Hermeneia—a Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible
(458–459). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
So,
this is simply another --but strong--restatement of the basic
principle of the Greatest Commandment, and not something
'interim'.
Fourteen. The Watchful House Owner (Mt 24.42-44; Lk 12.39-40). This passage is embedded in other passages we have discussed (the 'Faithful and Wise Slave'), but it singles out a different image--that of the owner of the house, instead of the steward of the house. The theme is still 'watchfulness' and 'unexpectedness' of some future event. Both passages have identical wording for the payload: "you must also be ready, for the Son of Man is coming at an unexpected hour." We have seen this in Mark (e.g. 13.33) and other passages, so there is no timing or development differential between the Synoptics on this. Nothing interim about loyalty, discipline, and patience....
Ok. Now
I am down to passages which have ONLY ONE of the gospels
with
some textual element (possibly) related to urgency/interim ethic.
One.
Jesus heals the multitudes (Mt 12.15ff; Mr 3.7ff, Lk
6.17ff). This has the secrecy motif in all three parallel
passages, but only in MT is it addressed to humans (MR+LK have
Jesus ordering the vanquished demons to silence). But
this is not connected to urgency/interim ethics either,
for it is explicitly explained by MT as fulfillment of
OT/Tanakh prophecy--that the messiah would be a
'quiet power': This
was to fulfill what had been spoken through the prophet
Isaiah: 18 “Here is my servant, whom I have chosen, my
beloved, with whom my soul is well pleased. I will put my
Spirit upon him, and he will proclaim justice to the
Gentiles. 19 He
will not wrangle or cry aloud, nor will anyone hear
his voice in the streets. 20 He will not
break a bruised reed or quench a smoldering wick until he
brings justice to victory. 21 And in his name the Gentiles
will hope.” (NRSV).
Two. Question
about the Resurrection (Mt 22.23ff; Mr 12.18ff;
Lk 20.27ff). This is the Jesus versus Sadducees passage, in
which the topic of marital status in the Resurrection
(Eschaton) is discussed. Jesus makes a statement (in LK only)
that 'those
who belong to this age marry...' in contrast to
those 'worthy
of a place in that age neither marry or are given in
marriage'. I put this as a possible, since it
could (?) be interpreted as an 'anti-marriage' interim-ethic
datapoint. But this would only be the case if the 'those
worthy' applied to living people BEFORE the resurrection, and
the text makes it clear that it refers to POST-resurrection
people (e.g. cannot die, like angels).
"Jesus says that
in this age the
realities of preresurrection life are that “men
marry and [women] are given in marriage.” [Bock, D. L. (1996).
Luke Volume 2: 9:51–24:53. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the
New Testament (1622). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.]
"First, Jesus
stated that conditions in the resurrection are not like those
on earth. Since there is no death and hence no need to
replenish the race, there is no need for procreation. This
could be taken to mean that earthly relationships like
marriage will come to an end in heaven. More probably all
human relationships are lifted up to such a high level in
heaven that the exclusiveness of marriage will not be a factor
in heaven as it is on earth. The
continuation of earthly relationships is implied in 1
Thes. 4:17–18." [New Bible commentary: 21st
century edition. 1994 (D. A. Carson, R. T. France, J. A.
Motyer & G. J. Wenham, Ed.) (4th ed.) (Lk 20:27–40).
Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press.]
So,
although
it calls marriage 'of this age', it
does not seem to eschew it or establish some anti-marriage
short-term ethic. So, this doesn't seem to add
any evidence one way or another to the question.
[We
should
also note that EVEN IF this could be some radical ascetic
anti-marriage pre-Eschaton ethic, it is in the wrong gospel to
support the hypothesis (smile)--it is only mentioned in LK,
and not in MT or MR.]
Three. Healing
of Deaf person with a speech impediment (Mt
15.29ff; Mk 7.31ff, no-LK). This is another 'tell no one'
passage, and falls in line with the others.
Four.
Blind Man of Bethsaida (Mr 8.22ff). This is
apparently another 'do not tell' passage, in which Jesus sends
the healed person home--and tells him even to avoid the
village where the crowd was. This anti-urgency and/or
anti-leave-all-and-follow counts against the hypothesis, at
some level.
Five. Commissioning
of the Disciples (Mat 28.16-20). This is the
'go and make disciples' passage in which the Risen Jesus
directs His disciples to 'make
disciples of all nations' and promises to be
with them 'to
the end of the age'. This is very long-term
oriented (as are the other Mission to the Gentiles passages),
and does not have a hint of 'be back soon' in the passage.
Six.
Luke's ending to the Synoptic Apocalypse discourse
(Lk 21.34ff). This is another 'stay awake' and 'do not get
distracted' passages:
But
watch yourselves lest your hearts be weighed down with
dissipation and drunkenness and cares of this life, and that
day come upon you suddenly like a trap. 35 For it will
come upon all who dwell on the face of the whole earth.
36 But stay awake at all times, praying that you may
have strength to escape all these things that are going to
take place, and to stand before the Son of Man.”
It
IS
about the Parousia (or at least events surrounding it), but
there is no 'interim ethic' in the passage per
se. Watchfulness and spiritual sensitivity are
enjoined so that His followers (whatever century they are in)
will notice the signs, when they begin to appear:
"The motif
of being weighed down spiritually was not uncommon
(Wis.
9:15; Philo,
Gig. 7; Act. Thom. 109; Epictetus,
Diss. 1:15; Lövestam, 125–127). κραιπάλη** is ‘carousing,
intoxication’, and hence the effects of drunkenness — a
‘hangover’ (cf. Is. 24:20; Ps. 78 (77):65; Is. 20:9). μέθη is
‘drunkenness’ (Rom. 13:13; Gal. 5:21**; H. Preisker, TDNT IV,
545–548, overlooks the present verse); see Is. 24:20; Lk.
12:45; Mt. 24:49; Eph. 5:18; 1 Thes. 5:7. Clearly we have here
a theme of catechetical instruction, expressed
in language reminiscent of Is. 24:20. A warning
against literal drunkenness is no doubt included, but the main
force is
probably metaphorical, warning disciples against
succumbing to the intoxicating attractions of the sinful
world (cf. CH 1:27; 7:2; Rev. 17:2, 6).... If
men’s attention to spiritual things is dulled by such worldly
concerns, they will not observe the signs, and ‘that day’
(10:12; 1 Thes. 5:4) will come upon them unexpectedly."
[Marshall, I. H. (1978). The Gospel of Luke: A commentary on
the Greek text. New International Greek Testament Commentary
(782). Exeter: Paternoster Press.]
This
is
the same message we have seen earlier in both Mark and
Matthew.
Seven. Martha
and Mary (Lk 10.38ff). This a milder form of a
'distraction' passage, in which Jesus commends Mary for being
unconcerned about the appearance of the house (or better,
'less concerned').
"Jesus is “Lord,”
according to the narrator, and this disallows attempts to tie
him into the stratagems of others. Instead, his status as Lord
identifies him as the one whose design transcends
self-oriented or conventionally correct plans and whose
message takes precedence over the same. Thus, over against the
attempt of Martha to assert the priority of her enterprise
over that of her sister, Jesus provides his own two-sided
valuation of the scene before him. Martha
is engaged in anxious, agitated practices, behavior that
contrasts sharply with the comportment of a disciple
characteristic of Mary. Martha is concerned with many
things, Mary with only one. Hence, Martha’s behavior is
negatively assessed, Mary’s positively. What is
this “one thing,” this “better part” Mary has chosen? Within
this narrative co-text, the infinite range of possibilities is
narrowed considerably: She
is fixed on the guest, Jesus, and his word; she heeds the
one whose presence is commensurate with the coming of the
kingdom of God. With Jesus’ presence the world
is being reconstituted, with the result that (1) Mary (and,
with her, those of low status accustomed to living on the
margins of society) need no longer be defined by socially
determined roles; and, more importantly in this co-text, (2)
Mary and Martha (and, with them, all) must understand and act
on the priority of attending to the guest before them,
extending to Jesus and his messengers the sort of welcome
in which the authentic hearing of discipleship is integral."
[Green, J. B. (1997). The Gospel of Luke. The New
International Commentary on the New Testament (437). Grand
Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.]
Notice
that
Mary and Martha are not
commanded to 'sell their house', nor to leave it and
follow Jesus. They are to use the resources God
has provided to them to learn of, and assist in the spread of
the message of God's love and intervention into our condition.
This is not anything 'interim', but was illustrated in the
lives of earlier prophets (cf. the widow who supported Elijah
in 1 Kings 17).
But
the
passage is more about the upsetting of cultural norms
(transformed by Jesus) than it is about ministry support:
"Mary,
who sat at the Lord’s feet (10:39). To
sit at the feet of a respected rabbi was the position of a
disciple. In Acts 22:3 Paul says he was
instructed “at the feet of Gamaliel” (NRSV), a leading rabbi
of Jerusalem (cf. Luke 8:35). The Mishnah speaks of a similar
position: “Let thy house be a meeting-house for the Sages and
sit amid the dust of their feet and drink in their words with
thirst.” Mary’s initiative in
taking this position is particularly shocking, since
rabbis did not have women disciples. Girls
did not even receive a formal education; they
were taught only in household duties like sewing and weaving. In
the Mishnah it is said that “if any man give his daughter
a knowledge of the Law it is as though he taught her
lechery.” [m. Sotah 3.4] ... Martha was distracted
by all the preparations (10:40). Literally,
“distracted by much service [diakonia].” Jewish
society
placed a high value on hospitality, and a woman’s honor and
reputation depended on her ability to manage her household
well. Since
service was a woman’s highest calling, Martha’s complaint
against Mary would be seen as legitimate. Yet
for Jesus all her hard work is a mere distraction compared to
Mary’s desire to sit at Jesus’ feet as a disciple and learn
from him.
Jesus shatters cultural expectations by affirming the
status of a woman as his disciple."
[Arnold, C. E. (2002). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds
Commentary Volume 1: Matthew, Mark, Luke (417). Grand Rapids,
MI: Zondervan.]
Mary
is
recognized as a disciple, but is not ordered to leave her home
or sell her possessions (jointly owned, presumably, by Martha
and Lazarus).
Eight. Necessity
of Watchfulness (Mr 13.33ff). This is similar
or parallel to the other 'master on a journey' passages in
Matthew 24 and Luke 19. There is no directive given in it
expect to 'keep awake'.
Nine. On
Almsgiving (Mt 6.1-4, in the Sermon on the
Mount). This is an 'anti-self-promotion' passage, in which
alms are supposed to be kept 'low key'. The reason given is
'your Father will reward you', and not anything about 'the end
is nigh'.
Ten. On
Anger (Mt 5.21ff, in the Sermon on the Mount).
I included this because of the reference to the 'altar', which
was destroyed in 70AD. Because of this time-reference, I
thought it might contain data about an interim ethic. But upon
examination, it looks like a
continuation of OT thought (relationship with
God is impacted by our relationships with others) and like an
ethical principle that would 'outlive'
any religious ritual scenario.
"In keeping with
the teaching of 5:22 on the consequences of anger and abusive
speech within the community, Jesus poses a concrete situation
in which personal reconciliation takes precedence over
religious duty. Significantly the situation here does not
pertain to one’s own anger but to the anger or grudge of
another. Disciples are thus responsible not only to reign in
their own anger but to take steps to reconcile with others who
are angry at them. It is not a question of arguing about who
offended whom but of both offender and injured party taking
responsibility for reconciliation. Such reconciliation to a
fellow disciple (NLT’s “someone” and “that person” both
translate the word “brother”) must be addressed before one
offers a sacrifice in the Temple.
Jesus’ stress on the priority of reconciliation and
justice over sacrificial worship is in keeping with such
OT texts as 1 Sam 15:22; Isa 1:10–18; Hos 6:6, and Mic
6:6–8. As in the model prayer (6:12, 14–15; cf.
18:15–17), divine forgiveness is linked with human
forgiveness. The Temple imagery is interesting in light of the
likelihood that Matthew is addressing a Christian Jewish
community. According
to Acts, the Christian Jews in Jerusalem continued to
observe the Temple rituals (2:46; 3:1; 5:12,
42; 21:26; 22:17; 24:12, 18; 25:8; 26:21)." [Turner, D., &
Bock, D. L. (2005). Cornerstone biblical commentary, Vol 11:
Matthew and Mark (88–89). Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House
Publishers.]
This
was
how the post-Temple church understood it:
"What goodness!
What all-surpassing love is shown to humanity! Showing no
regard for the honor rightfully his, he calls us to pour forth
love toward our neighbor. He explains that he did not speak
his earlier threatening words out of hatred or desire to
punish but from the most tender affection. For
what can be more gentle than these words? “Interrupt the
service you are offering me,” he says, “so that your love
may continue. To be reconciled to your brother is to offer
sacrifice to me.” Yes, this is the reason Jesus
did not say “after the offering” or “before the offering.”
Rather, precisely while the very gift is lying there, when the
sacrifice is already beginning, he sends you at that precise
time to be reconciled to your brother. Neither after removing
nor before presenting the gift, but precisely while it lies
before you, you are to run to your brother. ... What is his
motivation in making such an immediate command? It seems to me
he has two ends in mind toward which he is hinting and
preparing. First, as I have previously said, he
desires to show how highly he values love and considers it
to be the greatest sacrifice. So he
does not even receive the sacrifice of worship without the
sacrifice of love. Next, he is imposing such a
necessity for reconciliation that it
admits of no excuse. The person who has been
commanded not to offer sacrifice to God before one is
reconciled will hurry to the one who has been grieved and
eradicate the enmity between the two. He does so that his
sacrifice may not lie unconsecrated." [CHRYSOSTOM, THE GOSPEL
OF MATTHEW, HOMILY 16.9. Simonetti, M. (2001). Matthew 1–13.
Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture NT 1a. (103–104).
Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.]
Eleven. On
Divorce (Matt 5.21ff, in the Sermon on the
Mount). This is one of Jesus' statements on divorce, with some
parallels in Mr 10.11f , Luke 16.18, and in another passage of
Matthew (19.9). The wording of this directive (i.e. "whoever
divorces") indicates an on-going practice, but it seems more a
regular ethic than an 'interim' one. Nothing about this is
tied to the Eschaton.
Twelve. On
prayer (Matt 6.5ff, in the Sermon on the
Mount). This is basically the same motif as in 'On
Almsgiving': avoid self-promotion, Father will reward you.
Nothing interim about that...
Thirteen. On
Reproving another Believer (Matt 18.15-20).
This is the 'church discipline' passage and is connected with
the 'Keys to the Kingdom' passage in Matthew 16.19 (and
somewhat related to the 'forgiveness of sins' passage in John
20.23). This passage in neither in (earlier) Mark nor (later)
Luke. There are several things in this passage that seem to
indicate an 'on-going' period before the Lord's return: (1)
the establishment of problem resolution 'escalation
procedures'; (2) the use of 'church'; (3) the promise of
'guided ethical development and decisions'; (4) the promise of
the presence of the 'invisible' Jesus, and (5) the probable
'synchronized decisions' understanding of the verb tenses.
"I am
there among them. The presence of Jesus with
the church during the process of discipline is similar to the
rabbinic notion that God’s presence (the Shekinah) is with a
group as small as two people who are studying the Torah (m.
Avot 3:2, 3, 6). Jesus’
promise that he is with his church speaks of nothing less
than divine activity (Joel 2:27; Zech 2:10–11).
It recalls 1:23 and anticipates 28:20. The
high Christology of Matthew is once again obvious."
[Turner, D., & Bock, D. L. (2005). Cornerstone biblical
commentary, Vol 11: Matthew and Mark (240–241). Carol Stream,
IL: Tyndale House Publishers.]
“I am
with them” parallels “it will be done for you
by my Father in heaven.” Jesus implicitly equates himself with
God and promises
his continuing spiritual presence in the church after his
death. Echoes of the Immanuel theme of 1:23
(God with us) reverberate." [Blomberg, C. (1992). Vol. 22:
Matthew. The New American Commentary (281). Nashville:
Broadman & Holman Publishers.]
"When Jesus is
the subject, it depends on the expectation, already firmly set
before us in 16:21; 17:9, 23, that his
mission will not finish with his earthly death but will be
continued through his resurrection. The disciple community will
continue even after that to be not merely the
followers but also the companions of Jesus. His
spiritual presence among them is the source of their
authority to declare the will of God and to expect God
to hear their prayers."
[France, R. T. (2007). The Gospel of Matthew. The New
International Commentary on the New Testament (698). Grand
Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publication Co.]
"Emphatically
introduced with the ‘Amen, I say to you’, favoured by Matthew,
the present verse is a near repetition of 16:19, which has
been discussed in detail earlier. The main difference is the
move from singular to plural: from Peter to the whole church.
We
saw at 16:19 that the binding and loosing is best
understood as having to do with the regulation of
behaviour. It has to do with bringing to bear
on the lives of those who would be disciples the
significance of all that Jesus was and brought.
Having
been instructed by Jesus, the church is able to prohibit
and command in a manner that is backed by God himself.
In the context of the attempt to bring back an erring brother
or sister, the specific point will be that the church is able
to confirm the standard of behaviour to which the erring one
is being called to conform once more. The movement from
individual reproof to the involvement of others and finally of
the whole church ensures that severing a person from the
fellowship of the church, where this needs to happen, is
finally based on the most assured understanding of what God
requires and therefore what God will give his backing to. The
one whom the church declares to be out of step with God is
indeed out of step with God! ... Such a role may have been
given foundationally to Peter, but he is not to be set over
against the church in such a role since the only proper
context for him to exercise such a role is in solidarity with
the church which shares with him the experience of having
learnt from Jesus and the consequent calling to speak with
authority about what God requires. .. Mt.
1:23 anticipated that in Jesus’ life and ministry God’s
presence would be manifested in some decisive manner;
and the unfolding of Matthew’s story has clarified from
various angles the precise manner in which this presence of
God was to be realised. But
now, as in 18:5, we move from a horizon determined by the
presence of Jesus to one determined by an early church
context where Jesus is no longer physically present. Does
‘Emmanuel’ still remain true? Yes, it does. But its focus now is not the physical presence
of Jesus but the group gathered in his name, because to
such a group his abiding presence is promised.
In this new way his presence continues to mediate the presence
of God." [Nolland, J. (2005). The Gospel of Matthew: A
commentary on the Greek text. New International Greek
Testament Commentary (750–751). Grand Rapids, MI; Carlisle:
W.B. Eerdmans; Paternoster Press.]
"This presence of
Jesus should not be understood as a metaphor (as in the case
of Paul’s statement in 1 Cor 5:4) but is the
literal presence of the resurrected Christ, in keeping
with the promise to be articulated in 28:20
(cf. 1:23b). The community founded by Jesus (16:18) is assured
that he will be present in that community until the
close of the age." [Hagner, D. A.
(1998). Vol. 33B: Matthew 14–28. Word Biblical Commentary
(533). Dallas: Word, Incorporated.]
And
on
the passage in John and its connection with the 'binding /
loosing' passages in Matthew:
"The
majority of commentators still interpret the Matthaean
saying in the light of the rabbinic use of the terms
“binding” and “loosing” for determining whether actions
are “forbidden” or “allowed” by the Law, and so view the
saying as relating to a kind of magisterial office. Certainly
that usage was current in Rabbinism, but the terms were also
applied to imposing or relieving the “ban” on offenders, i.e.,
their exclusion from or readmittance to the synagogue (see
Str-B, 1:738–47). There is increasing conviction among other
scholars, however, that Schlatter’s judgment is right, that
“this mode of speech plainly shows that originally the formula
‘loose and bind’ describes the activity of the judge” (Der
Evangelist Matthäus, 511). The language refers to the
judge’s declaration of the guilt or innocence of persons
brought before him, who are “bound” to or “loosed” from the
charges made against them. In Matt 16:19b it would denote
Peter’s authority to declare people forgiven or condemned
according to their response to the message of the kingdom of
God. With this Jeremias agrees: “The authority of the
messengers includes both the communication of salvation and
the imposition of judgment. It is the judge’s authority to
acquit and to pronounce guilty that is described by this pair
of opposites and the synonymous phrases ‘bind and loose’ and
‘forgive and retain sins.’ As pairs of opposites are used in
Semitic languages to describe the totality, these pairs of
words mean that the messengers receive total authority” (New
Testament Theology, 238). The
saying therefore, alike in Matthew and in John, is
fittingly placed in a context of commission to disciples.
Interestingly, while the Matthaean saying is set in the
ministry of Jesus, it has in view Peter’s work in the era
following the Resurrection (Peter was certainly no
rock-man on whom the Lord could build his church in the
period approaching his passion!). John’s
context is specifically that of the commission of the risen
Lord in v 21 and the gift of the Spirit in v 22. It entails
therefore the double context of the continuance of the mission
of Jesus through his disciples in the world, and the
continuance of that mission through the Holy Spirit to the
world in and with the disciples. (This latter aspect is the
theme of 15:25–26; 16:8–11.) With the double context, there is
a double aspect of the mission: that of declaring salvation
and judgment. The Gospel makes it plain that Jesus was sent
primarily to reveal God and to redeem mankind: “God did not
send the Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the
world might be saved through him” (3:17). But the rejection of
the revelation and of the Revealer inevitably entails a
negative judgment upon the rejectors. So we have the
paradoxical saying, at the close of the narrative of the
healing of the blind man: “For judgment I came into this
world, that those who do not see should see, and that those
who see should become blind” (9:39). The ministry itself
concludes in the lifting up of Jesus, which is declared to be
the judgment of this world and its prince (12:31)—condemnation
for those who range themselves with the crucifiers of the
Christ, and forgiveness for those who receive his word. This
process of judgment continues through the witness of the
followers of Christ and through the Spirit of Christ who works
with and through them. Disciples
proclaim forgiveness of sins and so entry into the saving
sovereignty of God through the redemption of Christ, and
judgment on those who reject the revelation and redemption
of Christ." [Beasley-Murray, G. R. (2002). Vol.
36: John. Word Biblical Commentary (383–384). Dallas: Word,
Incorporated.]
There
is
also the possible (probable) notion of 'overlap' or 'synchronized
decision
making' in the Matthew 18 and John 20 passages.
The verb tenses in those two verses could easily convey the
sense that the decisions that the Church makes in history (in
these cases) are simply 'results' of the decisions having
already been made in heaven. That is, that the
presence of the Risen Christ in the agency of the post-Easter
Holy Spirit, mediates
decisions already made by God to the historical church--as
the church seeks His will and direction, in the context of
spiritual harmony and love. Let's note this first for the John
passage ("sins are forgiven") and the Matthew 16 passage
("will be bound/loosed"):
"It should also
be borne in mind that, according to the best text, the
verbs “are forgiven” and “are not forgiven” are in the
perfect tense. The meaning is that the
Spirit-filled church can pronounce with authority that the
sins of such-and-such people have been forgiven or have been
retained. If the church is really acting under the leadership
of the Spirit it will be found that her pronouncements in
this matter do but reveal what has already been
determined in heaven." [Morris, L.
(1995). The Gospel According to John.
The New International Commentary on the New Testament
(749–750). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.]
"Another
difficulty is the interpretation of the two
future perfect periphrastic verbal constructions.
If the constructions are translated, “will be bound … will be
loosed,” Jesus promises that the apostles’ decisions on earth
will be ratified in heaven (Matt. 18:18; Cadbury 1939). If
they are translated, “will have been bound … will have
been loosed,” the implication is that heaven’s prior
decisions are ratified on earth by the apostles (cf.
18:18; John 20:23)." [Turner, D. L.
(2008). Matthew.
Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament (405). Grand
Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.]
This
would
suggest that the two Ages are now overlapping (kingdom present
AND still future), as opposed to a simple bifurcation: one Age
begins only when the prior Age ends. All of the NT data (and
later material, mostly) indicates that the New Age began with
the ministry of Jesus on the earth, but
that it is 'running alongside'
(e.g. parable of weeds) or 'developing inside'
(e.g. parables of leaven).
So,
this
passage in Matthew actually provides contrary data --it is not
simply 'silent' in the matter--to the blogger's hypothesis.
And, since this teaching is only present in Matthew and not in
Luke, the historical 'linear abandonment' argument is not
supported either. (Of course, Luke could have simply not
included the teaching for simple selection reasons--so it is
not data AGAINST the linear-abandonment hypothesis.)
Fourteen. Parable
of the Rich Fool (Lk 12.13-21). We have come
across this multiple times already, as an illustration of the
many 'do not focus on wealth' passages. This is not
eschatological (except perhaps in the individual sense of
eternal rewards), but is about priorities, not apocalyptic
time tables.
"Ironically, the
years of ease this man eagerly anticipates are unexpectedly
cut short by the one who has authority over his life (Danker
1988: 248; on drinking as reflecting selfish prosperity, see
Goppelt, TDNT 6:139–40). He
did not fulfill his moral responsibility before God to
care for the needs of others. Now God issues a
rebuke and takes action: he calls the man a fool and requires
his soul. God rejects his covetousness (Pilgrim 1981: 110).
The soul that had hoped for ease (12:19) is now ordered to
attention. Ἄφρων (aphrōn, fool) is an important term, for in
the OT a fool is one who either acts without God or without
wisdom about potential destruction (Job 31:24–28; Ps. 14:1;
53:1 [53:2 MT]; Eccles. 2:1–11; Sir. 11:18–19). All the
benefit of self-directed planning and labor comes crashing
down by God’s command. God
demands an account of the man’s mortal soul (ἀπαιτοῦσιν,
apaitousin; Fitzmyer 1985: 974; Wis. 15:8 [of the short,
“borrowed” time our souls live before returning to dust]; BAGD
80; BAA 159), and his grain and wealth cannot pay his debt.
... One lingering question—one of deep irony and
tragedy—remains for the man. Who will possess the things he
has prepared for himself? The point of the question is that
the one person who will not enjoy the ownership is the man
(Arndt 1956: 316). The man has new, more eternal concerns! The
pursuit of possessions has left him empty in terms of
his ultimate priorities before God (the OT
has similar thoughts: Job 27:16–22; Ps. 39:6 [39:7
MT]; 49:6 [49:7 MT]; 90:10; 103:15–16; Eccles. 2:18–23;
Plummer 1896: 325). In this “you
can’t take it with you” parable, Jesus
shows that to focus on possessions and not be concerned with
spiritual things is a grave, long-term error. Though riches
may be enjoyable in the short term, they do not exist in the
long term. Their mere possession does not bring accreditation
before God (James 1:9–11; 5:1–6). ... 12:21 Jesus applies the
parable by noting that this is the fate of all who store up
treasure for themselves but are not rich toward God. Οὕτως
(houtōs, so it is) indicates a comparison. The basic contrast
is between ἑαυτῷ (heautō, to himself) and εἰς θεόν (eis theon,
toward God). The parable does not
condemn planning or wealth per se. Rather, Jesus’
complaint is against the person who takes wealth and
directs it totally toward the self.
Zacchaeus (Luke 19:1–10) will be a counterexample of a
penitent rich man. Storing up treasure for oneself and not for
God is the problem. “Laying up treasure” is a concept with
Jewish roots (Sir. 29:8–17; Tob. 4:9; Ps. Sol. 9.5; Nolland
1993a: 687; see also the exegesis of Luke 12:33). The main
element of the comparison is that wealth
is ultimately a wasted accumulation, for the person cannot
present it to God for admission to heaven. As
Fitzmyer (1985: 974) says, “Divine scrutiny of the life given
will not be concerned with barns bursting at their seams.”
Life does not consist of one’s possessions, and to regard life
as such is to be gripped by greed (Luke 12:15; Plummer 1896:
325). It is important to note that the
issue in the parable is not wealth, but how wealth is
directed. The sin is accumulating riches for oneself.
Pilgrim (1981: 112) sees three errors: (1) hoarding one’s
possessions, (2) assuming that life can be secured and
measured by possessions, and (3) regarding property as one’s
own." [Bock, D. L. (1996). Luke Volume 2: 9:51–24:53. Baker
Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament (1153–1154). Grand
Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.]
Fifteen. Parable
of the Ten Bridesmaids (Mt 25.1-13). This
parable ends with the common "keep
awake, for you know neither the day nor the hour"
directive. We have seen this many times, and this is a call to
vigilance, self-discipline, and loyalty. This passage is
unique to Matthew, and contains the 'delay' word--which we
have discussed earlier.
Sixteen.
Parable
of the Hidden Treasure and Pearl (Mt 13.44ff).
I included this in the 'possibles' class because of the 'sell
all that he has' terminology. But--IMO--this
verse is about Jesus 'selling all' (in His sacrifice) to 'buy'
the Kingdom (His redeemed people), and NOT about some
super-good-works on our part needed to 'buy eternal life' from
God!
"In
this parable “a man” (i.e., Christ) finds a “treasure
(i.e., the kingdom, or believers) hidden in a field (i.e.,
the world).” He enthusiastically “sells all
that he has and buys that field.” ... The
problem this parable addresses is the value of the
citizens of “the kingdom” to Christ. The
parable explains that they are of supreme value. Jesus
is the one who gave all He had for the buried treasure
in the field. He gave His life for His own (1 Pet
1:18–19). His sacrifice shows how
precious to Christ are “the kingdom” subjects (1 Cor 6:20; 2
Cor 8:9). ... In the Parable of the Hidden Treasure, some
incorrectly identify the treasure as eternal life. In this
view the man who sells all is seen as a seeking sinner buying
his own eternal life by committing his life to Christ in
radical, obedient discipleship. The problem with this
interpretation is that the Bible consistently teaches that a
person is born again, not by his sacrifice but by the Lord’s.
No one must think he can pay any part of the redemption price
himself. .. The Parables of the Hidden Treasure and of the
“pearl of great price” are also parallel. Both involve the
purchase of something valuable. Thus it would be natural in
context to interpret the pearl hunter and man seeking to buy a
field as the same individual and the objects purchased as
having a similar or identical identification. ... What is the
value of the citizens of the kingdom to Christ? They are of
supreme value. Just as the businessman gave “all that he had”
for a valuable pearl, so Jesus
gave all He had (His life) for His own. In Jesus’ case He
purchased them not for what they were but for what they
would become through His grace." [Haller, H.
M., Jr. (2010). The Gospel according to Matthew. In R. N.
Wilkin (Ed.), The Grace New Testament Commentary (R. N.
Wilkin, Ed.) (65). Denton, TX: Grace Evangelical Society.]
"These sayings
may refer to the mission of Jesus seeking men for his Kingdom,
with a plain
statement of the price which must be paid for that
Kingdom’s inauguration." [Albright, W. F.,
& Mann, C. S. (2008). Vol. 26: Matthew: Introduction,
translation, and notes. Anchor Yale Bible (170). New Haven;
London: Yale University Press.]
Those
who
see the person finding the treasure/pearl as being a believer/disciple,
still see the parable as about the value of discipleship (not
'salvation' proper), and not about 'timing' or 'selling all'.
The 'selling all' passages we have looked at do
not speak of 'selling everything to BUY something
else'(!), but for meeting the material needs of
others. So it is inappropriate to connect this 'selling' with
any kind of 'interim ethic'.
"The parables of
the treasure and pearl indicate
the incomparable value of the kingdom, which will cause a
man to do everything possible to possess it.
Another possible interpretation equates the man with Christ
(as in v. 37) who sacrifices His all to purchase His people."
[Ryrie, C. C. (1994). Ryrie study Bible: New International
Version (Expanded ed.) (1484). Chicago: Moody Publishers.]
"The
Parables of the Hidden Treasure and the Pearl.
In both of these parables, a person sacrifices everything to
acquire one highly valuable, intensely desired object.
Although some interpret both parables as pictures of the
redemption of the church by God through Jesus, this tends
to neglect the context and read Pauline theology into
Matthew. Although Matthew
did speak of Jesus as a ransom for many (20:28; cf.
26:28), another approach better fits
the context. Throughout Matthew 13, Jesus is speaking parabolically
of the mixed response to his Kingdom teachings and deeds.
One may
trace positive responses to the Kingdom as well
as negative responses. As to positive responses, in the
parable of the sower there was good soil that produced fruit
(13:8, 23). The secrets of the Kingdom were revealed to the
disciples (13:11). The parable of the wheat and weeds speaks
of the glorious future of the righteous as good seed gathered
into a barn (13:43), and this is reinforced by the parable of
the fishing net (13:48). The parables of the mustard seed and
yeast speak of the almost imperceptible growth of the Kingdom
from insignificance to greatness (13:31–33). ... It seems very likely that
the parables under consideration here fit into this
pattern of positive response to the Kingdom.
The Kingdom is portrayed as a hidden treasure and a valuable
pearl, and it is pursued by men who sell all they have in
order to gain it. Surely
this fits the picture of discipleship one
finds throughout Matthew. Jesus’ first
disciples left their families and fishing gear to follow Jesus
(4:20, 22; cf. 9:9). Following Jesus entails the sacrifice of
losing one’s life for Jesus and thereby finding it (16:25–26).
The rich young ruler would not sell all he had to follow Jesus
(19:21–22), but all who do make such a sacrifice will be
richly rewarded (19:27–29). Thus, these
parables present both the sacrifice required in following
Jesus and the disciples’ joy (13:44; cf. 2:10;
28:8; for temporary joy see 13:20) in the present possession
of the Kingdom as well as its future rewards.
Despite the lure of wealth (13:22) and the many distractions
of life in this world, millions continue to follow Jesus at
great cost in the present life but with greater prospects for
the future." [Turner, D., & Bock, D. L. (2005).
Cornerstone biblical commentary, Vol 11: Matthew and Mark
(194). Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers.]
Seventeen. The
Sending of the 70 (Lk 10.1-16). This motif is
included in the 'take no bag' discussion earlier, and the
details of the passage are discussed elsewhere on the Tank (nostaff.html).
Eighteen. Teaching
on Humility (Lk 14.7-14). The ending of this
passage ('you
will be repaid at the resurrection of the righteous')
I have already discussed. The first part of this passage
(7-11) ends with the exhortation to humility (and the
consequences of self-exaltation). As such, the ethic of
humility (not very 'interim' of an ethic at all, from a
biblical perspective!) is affirmed--without reference to the
Parousia. It is grounded in service and modeled by our Lord:
"Instead,
take
the lowest place at the foot of the table. In place of self-assertion
and aggressiveness, Jesus advocated a spirit of humble
service (see Mark 10:35–45), and modeled it himself
(22:24–27; John 13:1–17), even to the extent of the
total self-giving and obedience that led to the cross (Phil
2:5–8). Here, that attitude is played out in seating
arrangements, which were a sign of status. In the Jewish
etiquette of the time, one was expected to take an
inconspicuous place and only move to a more prominent position
if the host invited him to do so." [Trites, A. A., &
William J. Larkin. (2006). Cornerstone biblical commentary,
Vol 12: The Gospel of Luke and Acts (211). Carol Stream, IL:
Tyndale House Publishers. ]
Nineteen. The
Healing of the Ten Lepers (Lk 17.11-19). I
added this since it was a case where someone responded in
faith and gratitude for God's work. In the passage, the
Samaritan returns to Jesus before going to the priest to
receive public recognition (and therefore, acceptance back
into the mainstream of social and economic life). But, instead
of Jesus telling the man to 'follow me', He tells him to 'go
on his way'. This is somewhat unexpected under an
urgency/interim ethic hypothesis, and is another
case of Jesus NOT letting someone 'leave their family to
follow Him'--as we have noted earlier.
Twenty.
The
Last Judgment (Mt 25.31-46). I included this in
the class because of the 'transitive treatment' ethic
described ('as often as you did it to X, you did it to Y').
The passage itself is clearly eschatological (but without any
timing markers in it), but the discussion in this section of
the series is about the ethics in
such passages--not the timing or interpretation of the
elements.
In
this
case the ethics are clearly anchored in the reality
of the eschatological judgment, but there is no
hint of immanency or even 'suddenness' of it.
It thus has nothing to say on the interim-ethic issue.
We
should
also note, of course, that the 'transitive treatment' ethic is
pre-Jesus
(e.g. Proverbs 19.17: whoever
is generous to the poor lends to the Lord), and
reaffirmed in many ways in the gospel narratives:
(Matt 10.40-42) you
will be given a reward like theirs. The solemn
words of 10:37–39 about one’s deepest loyalties in the face of
persecution are now balanced somewhat by these concluding
words of the discourse, which stress reward. Those who receive
the messengers of the Kingdom will be rewarded because
reception of the Messiah’s messengers amounts to receiving the
Messiah, and reception
of the Messiah amounts to receiving the Father.
More specifically (10:41), those who receive a prophet (cf.
5:12) or a righteous person will receive a reward equivalent
to the prophet or righteous person’s reward. The
words “prophets and righteous people” occur together again
in 13:17. These are to receive hospitality due
to what they stand for, prophets for the message and righteous
people for the character of God." [Turner, D., & Bock, D.
L. (2005). Cornerstone biblical commentary, Vol 11: Matthew
and Mark (157). Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers.]
"This passage
returns to the theme of hospitality toward the messengers of
the gospel (10:11–14). The
principle here is like that of the appointed messenger or
agent in Judaism, who represented his sender to
the full extent of his commission. God, his glory and law, and
Israel were also connected in this way in Jewish tradition. This principle had always been true of the
prophets (e.g., 1 Sam 8:7; cf. Num 14:2, 11; 16:11):
one who embraced them embraced their message and thus God’s
will. Those
who provided for them were likewise rewarded (1 Kings
17:9–24; 2 Kings 4:8–37). A cup of water was
the only gift the poorest person might have, but it would
symbolize enough. Cold water was highly preferred for
drinking" [Keener, C. S. (1993). The IVP Bible background
commentary: New Testament (Mt 10:40–42). Downers Grove, IL:
InterVarsity Press.]
Twenty-one. The
Lawyer's Question (Lk 10.25ff). This passage is
the lead-in to the Parable of the Good Samaritan. In this
passage a man asks Jesus about how to 'inherit
eternal life'. Jesus answers by holding up the
two great commandments (the standard of perfection no human
can ever attain...). Jesus basically advances the 'ethic' of
the Hebrew Bible (Deut 6.5 and Lev 19.18), and not some 'sell
all and follow' directive.
If
we
argued that Luke 'watered down' the ethic to this 'steady
state' command, the close parallels in Mark 12.28 and Matt
22.34 would prove us wrong. In Mark's version, in fact, Jesus
commends a scribe with the observation that 'you
are not far from the kingdom of God'. This
shows that the ethic of Luke (related to 'eternal life') is
the same as in Mark (related to 'kingdom of God').
The
interim-ethic
is not really interim at all. It is the OT fundamental
principle of loyalty to and love of God,
and loyalty to and love of those
things which God is loyal to and loves (i.e.
our neighbor). It needed to be restated as sharply as possible
--in good prophetic inflammatory style (smile)--to call
attention to its foundational importance. The ministry of John
the Baptist and Jesus and the post-Easter apostles focused on
this 'need for more focus' on the part of Israel, and those
outside of Israel, called to the Heavenly Banquet by grace.
Twenty-two. (Lk 16.1-13). I put this in the
class of possible passages because of the 'make friends with money'
phrase, even though it is not very 'eschatological' in the
wording/tone of the parable. In
fact, there is an explicit reference to 'eternal
dwellings/booths'--most likely a reference to post-mortem
life.
This
story
is very, very confusing to most of us, but the point of it can
be summarized thus:
"In the parable,
a normally unrighteous man acts to his benefit. He has been
shrewd. Jesus’ remark is that those of the world (“the sons of
this age”) give
more foresight to their future, they are more
shrewd in their dealings with people than are God’s children
(“the sons of light”).
God’s children should be shrewd with possessions by being
generous. Such acts show charity and foresight.
The description of God’s children as children of light is
common in Judaism (1 Enoch 108.11; 1QS 1.9; 2.16; Klostermann
1929: 163; Marshall 1978: 621) and the church (John 12:36;
Eph. 5:8; 1 Thess. 5:5). The Jewish idiom as evidenced in 1
Enoch and at Qumran is evidence for the parable’s
authenticity, since it indicates that such an expression was
available to Jesus in a Palestinian context. In pointing to
the children of this age, there is an inherent comparison with
God’s children as the children of “the age to come.” Jesus is saying that God’s children, who have a
heavenly future, should be as diligent in assessing the
long-term effect of their actions as those who do not
know God are in protecting their earthly well-being
(1 Cor. 15:58 is similar in tone, as are the other parables of
the “prudent”). Christians should apply themselves to honor
and serve God in their actions as much as secular people apply
themselves to obtain protection and prosperity from money and
the world. The point is not so much the means chosen to do
this, though that is important, as it is the wisdom of having
such a concern. ... The
reference to “they
may receive you” is (1) a reference to friends
who receive the benefit and welcome the generous one into
heaven, (2) a reference to angels who represent God, or
(3) a circumlocution for God himself (6:38, 44; 12:20, 48;
14:35). God responds to disciples who love
their neighbors with concrete action, even down to the use of
money. Such disciples evidence an active walk with God that is
a product of a faith commitment to him. The
disciple is aware of heavenly reward and will respond
appropriately. This yields a better way to take the remark
than seeing the friends as the subject (so Arndt 1956:
357), since they could not provide eternal habitations.
God will reward the person who is generous with money." [Bock, D. L. (1996).
Luke Volume 2: 9:51–24:53. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the
New Testament (1332–1333). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.]
So,
even
though it seems to be about 'rewards' --or at least,
'recognition' by God--it is still just about basic generosity
(perhaps in the form of alms, but not necessarily so), and
this is not an apocalyptic-only or apocalyptic-mostly ethic,
as we have seen.
Twenty-three. Two
Blind Men Healed (Mt 9.27ff). We have already
noted that this is contrary to an 'urgency' ethic, since Jesus
tells the healed persons to tell no one. We probably would
have expected Him to tell them to 'leave all and follow Him'
because the 'hour draweth nigh' or some such--if the
urgency/interim-ethic hypothesis were correct.
Twenty-four. Zacchaeus
(Lk 19.1-10). We have seen this incident crop up in many, many
of the discussions above. It is a very strong piece of
evidence AGAINST any 'sell-all-give-leave-follow'
interim-ethic hypothesis. It is a great illustration of many
of Jesus' statements about the proper use of material
possessions--and, btw, of the MEANS of accumulating such
possessions. In other words, Jesus did not make Zacchy quit
his 'lucrative' job, but rather Zacchy responded to the
gracious welcome by God with a heart that moved in step with
the generosity and servanthood of Jesus...
Ok,
we
looked at some 70+ passages in the Synoptics (with possible
evidence of interim-ethics or urgency-based ethics), and found
either:
So,
our
investigation supports the earlier summaries by scholars that
the ethics of Jesus were NOT based on such a view of His
Return.
We
will
now check--in Part 4 (spinmequick4.html)-- for other passages in the NT dealing
with this...
==== on to Part 4 =====